LANGE  LIBRARY  OF  EDUCATrON 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNt* 

BERKELEY,  OAUFORfU^ 


UC-NRLF 


The  Problem  of  Adequate  Salaries  for  Elementary  School  Teachers  vrith  Special  Ref- 
erence  to  Alameda  County,  Claifornia. 


by 


Albert  S.  Col ton 


TH3SIS 


Subnitted  in  partial  satisfaction  of  the  requirements  for  the  degree  of 

MSTER  OF  ARTS 

in 
Education 

in  the 

GRADUATS  DIVISION 
of  the 

UmVSRSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA 


o 


LBC 

C7as 


EDUCATION  DEFT. 


Because  of  the  present  crisis  in  education  which  has  s© 
greatly  decreased  the  teaching  staff  o£   the  schools  of  California 
and  other  states,  the  Bureau  of  Research  in  iiducation  of  the  De- 
partment of  iSducation,  University  of  Calif ornia,  issues  this  bulle- 
tin.  It  should  aid  the  teaching  profession  in  tho  effort  to 
establish  just  schedules  of  salaries.   The  technical  information 
it  contains  not  only  throws  light  on  the  conditions  which  had  to 
be  met  and  adjusted  in  a  typical  section  of  California,  but  the 
method  of  procedure  adopted  and  particularly  the  follow-up  work 
with  district  boards  of  trustees,  it  is  felt,  will  be  of  great 
value  to  those  who  are  facing  similar  problems  elsewhere.   The  sug- 
gestions drawn  in  regard  to  needed  changes  in  school  legislation 
may  be  called  to  the  consideration  of  county  and  city  superintendents. 

The  data  given  herewith  were  "gathered  by  Mr.  A.  ij.  Colton, 
'incipal  of  Clawson  iJchool,  Oakland,  California,  in  connection  with 
.s  work  as  field  secretary  of  the  wa.lameda  County  Educational 
Issociation.   This  Association,  it  may  be  said,  has  rendered  an 
inestimable  service  to  the  teaching  profession  by  initiating  the 
piovomont  for  a  more  adequate  reward  in  salary  for  the  teachers  of 
^ilameda  County.   Without  resort  to  political  propaganda,  the 
association  undertook,  collectively,  to  put  before  the  citizens  a 
body  of  undeniable   facts,  together  with  a  program  for  improvement 
of  conditions.   This  report  indicates  kow^garaful  the  organization 
has  been  to  iceep  its  activities  on  a  hign^^p^Tane.   The  material  has 
been  gathered,  organized  and  the  report  written  by  Lir.  Colton  in 
partial  fulfillment  of  liis  graduate  work  in  the  Department  of 
Education, 

W.   W.   Kemp 

Chairman,    Department  of  iiducation 

H.    ;i.    French 

iiecretary.   Bureau  of  Heseareh 
in  iiducation. 


625245 


TABLE  OP  COKUaifS 

I.  Introduction. 

II.  Salary  ScaedAlet  In  1©18-»1©, 

III*       Conpfirieoz^  of  TeaoUert*  Salaries  with  union  Scale  of 

faget  for  Certain  Oeoap&tlona  in  Alameda  County* 
IV#         Souroea  of  fioTenue  for  iilewientary  School  Funds, 
V»  Method  of  Oletrlbtttion  of  School  Funds, 

VI,        iietaoda  Osed  in  Carrying  on  tne  Campaign, 

VII  •       iieeults  of  tl%e  Caiupaign. 

VII I  •     Conclusions  • 

!•     Sttgi-estiv©  Plane  for  Further  Activity, 
II*  Prograji  for  Re-orcani?.fition  of  State  and 
County  Supi^ort, 


Chapter  I 
Introduction 

In  the  spring  of  1919,  teachers  in  various  parts  of  -tsn? 
»^.county  were  planning  to  ask  for  an  increase  in  salaries.   The 
time  had  come  when  it  was  necessary  and  advisable  for  the 
teachers  to  cooperate  with  the  Boards  of  Education  in  obtaining 
more  school  revenue. 

An  investigation  was  made  to  find  from  what  sources  the 
extra  funns  could  be  obtained.  While  the  three  cities — Oakland 
Berkeley  and  Alameda  could  obtain  increased  sc.iool  funds  from 
special  city  taxes,  the  other  forty-one  districts  did  not  have 
this  source  of  revenue.   They  were  restricted  to  county  and 
district  taxes  only.   Sight  of  these  districts  had  the  thirty 
cent  limit  allowed  by  the  state  for  the  special  tax  and  could 
not  obtain  any  more  money  that  wi^y.  Twenty  one  districts  had 
rates  varying  from  two  cents  to  twenty  five  cents.  It  was  evi- 
dent that  if  the  teachers  througaout  the  county  were  to  receive 
increases  worth  while,  the  only  way  to  get  results  woul >  be  by 
increasing  the  county  rate.   This  rate  for  the  year  191S-'19 
was  twenty  seven  cents.   Since  the  maximum  allowed  by  the  state 
was  fifty  cents,  there  was  a  leeway  of  twenty  three  cents. 

Upon  further  investigation,  it  was  found  that  an  increase 
of  eigiiteen  cents  in  the  county  rate  would  increase  each  teacher's 


.-ft^Vi*.>*.d.\S^ 


-2- 


salary  approximately  |250.00.   In  some  districts tiie  possible 
Increase  would  be  as  much  as  pSOO.OO.  This  was  based  upon 
the  assumption  that  all  districts  would  maintain  their  special 
rates  for  the. year  1919-'20.   Concerning  this  subject,  f-wlj.! 
r-^cy-more^ln  anotner  chapter. 

It  was  decided  that  the  proper  fducatlonal  body  to  carry 
on  this  county  wide  campaign  was  the  Alameda  County  Educational 
Association,  This  association  aad  been  organized  the  year  before 
in  the  spring  of  1918  and  was  approximately  100^  stronr  in  mem- 
bership. 

Therefore  a  committee  consisting  of  sixteen  members  was 
appointed  and  given  full  power  to  carry  on  thiS.  campaign.   This 
committee  consisted  of  the  nine  members  of  the  executive  com- 
mittee of  the  Alameda  County  Association  together  with  seven 
teachers  from  the  kindergartens,  the  itlementary  and  high  schools. 

Besides  the  campaign  for  an  Increase  of  eighteen  cents  in 
the  county  rate,  (which  affected  elementary  schools  only),  in 
order  that  all  teachers  might  be  benefited,  there  had  to  be 
special  campaigns  in  the  three  cities— Oakland,  Berkeley  and 
Alameda— so  as  to  have  the  kindergarten  and  high  scaool  rates 
Increased, 

It  is  my  purpose  in  this  paper  to  deal  only  with  the  ele- 
mentary problems.  Before  continuing  with  the  raetiiods  used  in 
this  campaign,  I  will  take  up  the  following  subjects; 


lB9 


•3* 


ISt.-^SAlary  •eii«wittle«  in  X©X8-U©|  2ij«l»— A  comparlaon  of 
te*o^«r«'   ftftlftrloe  witii>6nlon  ecalo  of  •«£©«  In  various 
oceupatiofi»{  3Pd.— <k>ui^«8  of  rov©na»  for  ©lomentary  ©Ciiool 
funcF.;  and  4th*»«Sl«UiO<l«  of  cllttrl bating  eouool  fun^is. 


-4- 

CHAPTER  II 

Salary  Schedules  In  1918- '19 

In  the  following  schedule  of  salaries  for  1918- '19, 

column  a  shows  the  number  of  teachers  In  the  forty dlatricts, 

"*  * 

not  including  the  fonr  cities;  and  column  b  shows  the  salaries 

of  the  nrincipals  with  minimums  and  raaximuma  paid  to  the  teachers. 

Ifhile,  in  the  main  I  will  deal  only  with  the  forty  districts, 
at  times  I  will  include  additional  data  which  will  be  of  interest 
in  making  certain  comparisons.   Since  the  salaries  of  the  prin« 
cipals  in  the  four  cities  were  so  voriable,  I  included  in  the 
table  only  the  maximums  and  minimums  paid  to  the  classroom 
teachers  in  these  cities. 

Following  this  schedule,  I  have  made  a  table  which  shows, 
at  a  glance,  the  range  of  maximums  in  all  the  schools  of  the 
county.  The  summarv  of  this  table  shows  the  critical  condition 
of  the  schools  an*^  cTe^rlr  reveals  the  reason  for  many  of  the 
efficient  teachers  leaving  the  teaching  p  ofesslon  and  going 
into  the  business  world. 

The  following  shows  the  range  of  maximums  paid  in  the 
forty  fonr  districts: 

Two  schools  paid  1560  to  $590 
Pour   "      "   600  to  690 
Seven  "      "   700  to  790 


^  CJI£«,.m4<c,  6^aU,^t^^,  (PiJ*^vwh'. 


o  r 


W 


e  '  ■ 


tbb&   Bbv 


•^■^^'^^-^y  jj^^i:^  ^ 


-5- 


Plve  scaools  paid  $300  to  #890 

Sixteen  "      "   900  to  990 

Two     "      "  1000  to  1090 

TWO     "      "   1100  to  1190 

Three   "      "  1200  to  1290 

Three   "      "  1300  to  1390 
When  It  Is  seen  that  there  were  thirty  four  districts 
paying  maximum  salaries  less  than  $1000,  it  can  easily  be 
understood  why  there  should  have  been  a  county  wide  campaign 
for  increases  in  salaries. 

In  all  forty  four  districts,  the  minimums  were  less  than 
llOOO  wMe  In  thirty^  the  range  was  from  |560  to  $890, 

Many  conclusions  could  be  drawn  from  the  above  conditions. 
One  outstanding  fact  confronts  us.   If  graduates  of  Universities 
and  Normal  schools,  having  no  experience,  were  fortunate  enough 
to  get  positions  in  the  larger  places,  they  would  have  to  start 
on  salaries  muca  less  than  those  paid  to  graduates  of  high 
schools  and  business  colleges  who  enter  the  business  world.  It 
is  no  wonder  that  tae  State  Normal  schools  can  not  induce  a 
large  enough  number  of  high  scijool  graduates  to  go  on  to  prepare 
themselves  for  the  teaching  profession. 

The  time  had  surely  come  wtien  the  teacners  tiieraselves  had 
to  have  concerted  action,  not  on ; y  to  protect  their  own  Interests, 
but,  in  a  still  larger  way,  to  protect  the  people  by  making  it 


-6- 


possible  to  maintain  efficient  teachers  in  tae  teaching 
profession. 


Districts 

«7- 
SALARIKS  1918-»19. 

}     ""•       } 
:     NoT  of    : 
J    Teachers   : 
s             : 

b         1 
Principal     1 
Minimum  6c     t 
HaximuiQ .      t 

Alamsda 

990  to  1290   : 

Albany 

9 

Pr,  1800      1 
780  to  1140    1 

Alva ra do 

3 

Pr.  1435      : 
820  to  9id2i   t 

Alvlao 

2 

Pr.  1000      : 
1-800        : 

Antone 

1 

850          1 

Berkeley 

900  to  1520 

Castro  Valley 

3 

Pr.  1200      t 
2-lOiiO         t 

Cent ervl lie 

5 

Pr.  1485      : 
825  to  1155   : 

Oeeoto 

3 

Pr.  1440      : 
2-960        : 

Idenirale 

1 

750          I 

BtaeryYllle 

9 

Pr.  1920      J 
990  to  1230   : 

lureltt 

2 

Pr.  1365      : 
1-945        : 

Ore«& 

1 

900          1 

Hayvard 

31 

Pr.  2000      1 
700  to  900    1 

Independent 

8 

Pr.  850       t 
1-750         t 

Inman 

1 

850           t 

Irvlngton 

4 

v 

Pr,  1550      1 
3-900         1 

Lincoln 

1 

800           1 

Livermore 

t 

10 

t 
t 

Pr.  1800      J 
900  to  960    \^ 

May 

t 
t 

1 

t 

t 

950          1 

Q-it  . 


xaar^^fi 


.8«'     ■ 
SALARIES  1918- •  19.    (cor..) 


Districts    1 

t     .a       : 

Ho  .""of     : 
t   Teachers    j 

b        t 

Principal     j 
Kinlmuin  k            i 
Kaximum.      t 

Mldiray         : 

t       1       1 

650           1 

Mlseion        1 

1       S       i 

Pr.  1150      J 

2-750         : 

MMlM            1 

t      X               I 

750           t 

Mt.  Houso       i 

!         1         1 

640           s 

Mowry*s  Landing  i 

\                    1         J 

t     700           8 

Murray         i 

I       2       1 

t     Pr.  800       : 
\            1-700         1 

V«vftrk         1 

\               4       ] 

(     Pr. 
750 

1500      : 
to  950    : 

Niles          1 

{       7       1 

t     Pr. 
1     800 

1600      f 
to  950    t 

Oakland        ] 

1           '   1 

840 

1 

to  1380   t 

Palomares      < 

1       1       J 

t     70Q           J 
1                 } 

Piedmont       1 

1                 1 
1     900-1320      1 

Plttaaantoa     i 

1      9       i 

1     Pr. 

\            840 

1800      : 
to  900    ; 

Redwood        ) 

t               1               \ 

\            560          I 
t                  t 

Russell        j 

I               1               I 

1     900          s 
t                 t 

San  Leandro     j 

\             22               1 

\           Pr. 

I            840 

1920      I 
to  1200    I 

San  Lorenso 

1     a     ] 

{    Pr. 
r     840 

1800      t 
to  960    t 

Stoney  Brook 

1     1     1 

I     585          t 

Sumnit 

1     1 

1     600          t 

(Suxiol  Glen 

1       2 

1 
[ 

1     Pr.  960      1) 
t            1-850         1 ) 

t 

^    .    'T- 


oca 


»n>i 


^  ll«l*^—M»l    III  llWfclll     > 

Odd 


00^ 


m 


-9-  ■  ■-  ' .. 


'  tl  mm   Jirr  »tM(  4 


SALARIES' 1918- • 19,  (con.) 


-  •  •  a 


Districts     :    No  .""of     ;     Prtnotpdl     : 
:   Teachers    :     Minimum  &     : 
:             :     Maximum.      : 

(Sheridan       :       1       :     700          :) 
(             :            :               :) 

(Vallecitoa      J      1      t     700          :) 
(               J              t                 :) 

Towns end       :      1       :     950          s 

•                          •                                 • 

Valle  Vista     :       1       :     900          i 

•  •                                 • 

•  •                                 • 

Warm  Springs    :      3       t     Pr.  1200      ! 

:             t           2-650        : 

Data  obtained  from  connty  superintsndent's  office. 


i^ti^ 


-10- 


TABLK  II, 
Toble  showing  maximum  selariss  of  1918- * 19  segregated. 

principals*  salaries  over  $1100  not  included. 


Districts 

:560-:600-: 
:  600:  690: 

700- : 800- : 
790:  890} 

900-1 

! 1000- : 1100- J 

1200- s 1300- : 

990 

5  1090 J  1190 J 

1290:  1400: 

Alameda 

t    s    : 

t 

4 
4 

' 

1               •               4 

l^  :            t 

Albany 

t     S     i 

• 

• 

i 

r 
1 

I            :  //  J 

•          i 
«          • 

Alvarado 

i         :    : 

• 
• 

( 

'    K 

k          •          1 

1          •          * 

•               4 

Alviso 

:    :    : 

: 

1 

k 

t  K  • 

>               *               1 

•               • 

Antone 

•       •        • 

1 

K' 

1 

»          «          1 

;     :     : 

Berkeley 

•  «        • 

•  •        a 

• 
• 

i 

1 

' 

1     :  /-^  : 

Castro  Valley 

t    t    : 

: 

1 

t 

I    1^  t 

\           t           t 

Centsrville 

t       e       1 

4          *          i 

: 

J 

I 

X           :  K  ' 

1         •         • 

Decoto 

:    :    ] 

• 

• 

'  K 

t     : 

(     :     t 

Eden  Vnle 

:    :    : 

t^  : 

* 

1 
1 

!     : 

»          «          f 
1          •          • 

laaeryvllle 

: 

■ 

! 

:    '  "t 1 

J  /^  :     t 

Eureka 

1    :    : 

: 

'  K 

•         • 

1         • 

I            :     t 

Green 

I         I    : 

: 

5  ^ 

a          • 

Hayward 

9                   *        1 

« 

/       * 

»  ^ 

1     11 

1     :     t 

Independent 

:    :    ] 

• 
• 

y 

P 

:     : 

>          9          ■ 
1         •         a 

Inman 

t    :    ] 

iK' 

{ 

1      S      1 

t     :     1 

Irvington 

:    :    : 

1 

!  /^ 

\                      * 

t     :     : 

Lincoln 

t    t    1 

t    t 

// 

5 

t     :     \ 

(     :     : 

Li  vx  mo  re 

:    :    ] 

• 
• 

*  /^ 

I            :     : 

May 

1    :    i 

• 
• 

t    // 

:     : 

r     :     : 

Midway 

t         t  /^s 

t    t 

{ 

t     t 

r     :     t 

Hission  San 
Jose 

t    :    > 

l/'t 

5 

:     : 

(     :     : 

Mocho 

t              I              ! 

K  ' 

{ 

•  • 

•  • 

>          •          i 

Mount  House 

I              J   //  1 

t   t 

I 

t     : 

t     :     : 

Mowry's 

Landing 

:    :    1 

:   K, 

i 

:     : 

»          •          • 

•             •             4 

Murray 

:    :    1 

1    : 

1/- 

I 

•  • 

•  • 

t     :     : 

Newark 

1    :    1 

: 

'  ^ 

:     : 

(     :     : 

Mies 

:    :    i 

1    t 

1  l^ 

*         • 

1     :     1 

Oakland 

:    :    I 

r    : 

I 

:     : 

:     t    l^    t 

%o 


■iii^   across  15' 


fs/»»X 


•11- 


TABLE  II.    (con.) 


Districts 

!560-:600-:700-! 
!  600:  690:  790: 

800-! 
890 

I900-! 
;  990! 

1000-J 
1090! 

1100- ! 
'  1190! 

:1200-: 
.  1290! 

1300- ! 
1400! 

Palomares     :    :    :  i^  :    \          : 

;     X 

Piedmont 

t     ! 

'  y^   1 

Pleasanton 

K" 

Redwood      ! 

\     ]/    X              X               I 

Russell       ! 

!      t      !      ! 

^   K  - 

San  Leandro   :    :    :    i 

.  K  1 

San  Lorenzo   :    :    :    : 

!  V^    ! 

Sheridan      t    x          *.  y^ 

Stony  Brook 

:  /^  : 

\ 

1        • 

Siamrr.lt 

!    :  /^: 

Sunol  Glen 

1  I^< 

Townsend 

1    :  ^ 

Vallecitos 

X           X            X     ^- 

Valle  Vista 

^  A^ 

Warm  Springs   i    \  l^  \ 

Total    :  2  :   4  :   7  ■ 

\      5 

:  16 

:   2 

5   2   ' 

:   3 

!   3 

•12- 


Chapter  III 
Comparison  of  Teachers*  Salaries  with  Union 
Soale  of  Images  f^or  Certain  Occupations 
In  Alameda  County. 

When  a  comparison  le  made  of  teachers*  salaries  with 
salaries  In  various  occupations,  tacre  Is  no  thou(:ht  of  de- 
crying  the  higa  salaries  paid  according  to  the  Union  scale. 
When  wc  consider  that,  using  a  conservative  estimate,  the 
value  of  tae  dollar  in  1919  as  compared  to  1914  was  only 
sixty  cents.  It  was  Imperative  that  wage  s  should  be  almost 
doubled. 

However,  if  it  is  necessary  to  Increase  salaries  of  one 
class  of  workers,  It  Is  also  necessary  to  Increase  all  others. 
In  the  forty  districts,  tae  average  yearly  salary  in  1918-*19 
was  $830.  Contrast  tile  wlta  the  salaries  paid  to  skilled  and 
unskilled  workers,  as  shown  In  the  coart  on  tae  page  follo?iing» 
Carpenters  ana  orick  layers  received  almost  three  times  as 
much  as  the  average  paid  to  teachers.  It  should  also  be  re- 
membered that  It  was  saown  In  the  preceding  compter  taat  taere 
were  talrteen  scaools  paylnf^  less  trian  |;600  per  year. 

Unskilled  labor,  both  in  the  cities  and  on  tae  farm,  re- 
ceived as  rtaxch  as  the  Oaidand  teachers,  and  50^  more  than  the 
average  paid  in  the  forty  districts. 


•13- 


Th«re  lo  9.   ''^''♦iTjet  swaV^riinr  to  t"he  fact  that  the 
•Itwentar*'  teaeh<)rs,  «rM5  «iit»«elollv  thoKe  of  the  rwi»«l  eehoola, 
«r«  '«o«t  1«  r.oe'»  of  lT»i»««dl«t«  h«tt).  »ot  until  the  school*  pay 
vary  nioch  better  aalarlea  will  they  ever  hope  to  hold  efficient 
tei^lpMre. 

i:.«ck  of  adequate  financial  new  rd  la  one  of  the  principal 
reaaona  for  teaehera  leaving  tho  teaahtwe  nrofession.  Saieriea 
are  not  nearly  high  enotigh,  even  in  thg  cltlee,  to  offer  any- 
thing of  a  career  to  embltloue  men  and  wotnen.  For  thla  reason, 
those  «ho  might  otherwise  enter  th:  teaching  profession,  go 
into  the  bttsinesa  world  on  i^^nt.  of  .,t^^ejm&ter  possibilities* 

The  resnlta  of  ptibllc  edocation  depend  in  a  large  way  upon 
the  efficiency  of  the  teachora.  Low  sal  ries  will  not  secure 
and  retain  capable  r.en  and  women,  nor  Induce  briiJ'ht  and  ambitious 
young  people  to  enter  tha  profession. 

At  r»r«nont,  t^"^  on'' -v  ws**  ti^  oMaIr?  ^«^tt,«r  salaries  is  thrnnph 
the  cooT>'5r«tlon  '>**  teacher**  organlr.jtiona,— city,  eo'mty,  state, 
and  national. 

,^^gu^jjJ|Mich era  thsaiaelvee  nnsat  be  •^««'^n^^  radiate  and  soroMBe  the 
people  to  the  cryincr  need  of  the  schools  for  wore  financial  aupport, 
There  ar'^  *•«*•  too  n^rs^r   olti^ena  who  ar"»  unfamni«r  eif^.'f*   t*i*%  worV 
of  the  BChooT  8  a*^*^  thflr  nre8«=>'^t  cost  of  fnglnt-^rsnce.  Large  nuro- 
bers  are  willing  to  give  expression  to  opinions  based  upon  laeV 
of  information.  Since  such  opinions  are  too  readily  accepted, 
there  shou  d  be  furtbor  p»Tblic  enllghtenrr-ent. 


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Chart  aiovTln;-  conparlson  of  teacUora*   SMlaxrlea  ?.lt  i  tae 
union  scale  oi'  ^ages  ror  certain  occupations  in  Alanteda  County, 
June  1019, 

Yearly  ralary  In  Ilundrede  of  i^llart. 


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Machinists. 


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Drlvera  of  i.-ilk 
wagons . 

unskilled  bsbor 
in  cities. 

unakllled  Labor 
on  farms. 

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'^nlon  scale  o^  '^aces  obtairte*?  from  date  naed  bv  Publicity 
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-15- 

Chapter  IV 
Sources  of  Revenue  for  elementary  Sciiool  Fund 

There  are  three  sources  of  revenue  for  the  elementary 
schools  and  these  are  as  follo^srsi  the  state,  the  county  and 
the  scuool  district. 

The  principle  nas  long  been  esta  ;lished  tiiat  the  state 
owes  to  every  cnild  within  its  borders  e ^ual  educational  ad- 
vantages up  to  a  minimum  standard.   A  child  in  the  poorest 
section  of  the  state  is  as  much  entitled  to  tais  minimum  of 
training  as  the  child  fi?om  the  wealthiest  section. 

It  is  due  to  this  principle  that  the  state  nas  made  laws 
to  the  effect  that  every  school  shall  be  aided  bota  by  the 
state  and  also  tae  county,  at  large.   I  will  first  take  up  trie 
laws  dealing  with  tiie  state  school  funds;  and  secondly,  those 
of  the  county. 

The  state  school  fund  waich  is  used  for  teachers'  salaries 
in  elementary  schools  is  oerived  from  aifferent  sources.  The 
major  portion  comes  from  tne  $17. 50  allowed  for  each  pupil  in 
average  daily  attendance.   Section  443  of  the  state  school  law 
dealing  witn  this  reads  as  follows; 

"On  or  beiore  the  tnirty  first  of  December  in  the  year 
one  thousand  nine  hundred  nineteen  and  on  or  oefore  tne  t.^irtietn 
day  of  June  in  trie  year  one  taousana  nine  aunured  twenty  and  on 


-16- 


or  before  the  tiiirtletia  day  of  June  and  the  thirty  first  day 
of  December  In  eaca  succeeding  year,  the  state  controller  shall 
transfer  from  the  general  fund  of  tae  state,  to  the  state  scnool 
fund,  sucii  sums  as  will  be  equivalent  to  seventeen  and  one  half 
dollars  per  annum  for  each  pupil  in  average  daily  attendance  In 
the  elementary  scaools  of  tae  state  as  reported  by  the  superin- 
tendent of  public  Instruction,  for  the  school  year  ending  June 
thirtieth  preceding.  The  money  so  transferred  shall  be  in  ad- 
dition to  tae  funds  provloed  by  the  constitution  for  tne  support 
of  the  common  schools  and  any  otaer  funds  paid  Into  the  state 
school  fund  from  otaer  sources  or  made  available  by  any  provision 
of  law  for  tixe  support  of  the  elementary  schools  of  the  stt^te, 
and  the  provisions  of  tals  section  shall  not  apply  to  nor  affect 
the  acts  under  which  said  additional  sums  are  appropriated  or 
made  available  for  such  use." 

In  adaitlon  to  this  provision,  there  is  also  the  interest 
from  tne  investment  of  school  funds.  Section  676  reads  as  follows; 

"Whenever  and  as  often  as  there  is  in  the  state  treastiry 
the  sum  of  |10,000  as  the  proceeds  of  sale  of  state  school  lands, 
the  board  must  Invest  the  same  in  the  bonds  of  this  state, "5^-- -^T 
All  such  bonds  purchased  by  the  board  under  the  provisions  of 
this  section  must  be  aelivered  to  the  state  treasurer,  who  shall 
keep  them  as  a  special  school  fund  ueposit  and  the  Interest  upon 
•uch  bonds  when  collected,  shall  be  placed  by  him  to  the  credit 


-  -rr- 

\ 

of  the  state  sclaool  fund," 

Another  source  of  revenue  Is  from  the  inheritance  tax. 

The  law  dealing  with  this  is  as  follows.  "All  taxes  levied 

and  collected  under  this  act,  up  to  the  amount  of  two  aundred 

and  fifty  thousand  dollars  annually,  snail  be  paid  into  the 

treasury  of  the  state,  for  tae  uses  of  the  state  school  fund, 

and  all  taxes  levied  and  collected  in  excess  of  two  hundred 

and  fifty  thousand  dollars  annually  shall  be  paid  into  the 

state  treasury  to  the  credit  of  trie  general  fund  there  of, 

(Extract  from  political  coae  dealing  with  collateral 

Inheritance  Tax,  Section  22.) 

In  order  to  see  the  total  revenue  received  for  the  state 

school  fund  from  various  sources  for  tne  year  1918-'l9  the 

following  date  is  given* 

Trie  amount  of  bonds  in  school  Land  i'und  held  in  trust  for 

schools  on  June  30,  1919  is  |7, 681, 649. 92. 

The  following  amounts  were  available  for  the  above  school 

year. 

Balance  on  hand  July  1,  1918  $264,195.50 

Receipts  from  polls  1,049,00 

Receipts  from  polls.  (Conscience)  2,00 

Receipts  from  interest  on  bonds  371,316,80 

Receipts  from  interest  on  lands  34,254,76 

(delinquent) 
Receipts  from  interest  on  lands  (penalty   )     2,162.57 


^8 


-18- 


Recelpts   State  University  |  2,50 

Receipts   transfer  account  |15.00  6,253,520.00 

Receipts   transfer  account  inaeritance  250,000.00 

Total  #6,182,003.13 

The  above  figures  were  obtained  from  a  letter  from  State 
Controller  to  ^upt.-.Will  C,  V.ood,  July  S,  1919. 

For  the  scaool  year  1919- * 20,  the  State  i>chool  fund  will 
approximate  $7,185,000.00.  This  is  due  in  increasing  the  |15 
per  pupil  to  $17.50. 

Before  passing  to  the  sources  of  revenue  for  the  County, 
it  Should  .e  noted  that,  according  to  sect.  1361,  "tae  state 
Bchool  fund  must  be  used  for  no  other  purpose  than  the  payment 
of  the  salaries  of  teachers  of  prims ry  and  grammar  schools," 

I  will  next  take  up  tae  sources  of  revenue  for  county  and 
district.  t>ect.  1817  reads  as  follows;  "The  county  Superin- 
tenaent  of  every  county  and  of  every  city  and  county  must  calcu- 
late tile  amount  r  quired  to  be  raised  ;  t  five  hunored  and  fifty 
dollars  per  teacher  and  the  total  amount  so  aetermined  saall  be 
the  minimum  amount  of  county,  or  city  and  county  sciiool  fund 
needed  for  the  ensuing  scaool  year,  provided,  tnat  if  tais 
amount  is  less  tnan  sufficient  to  raise  a  sum  equal  to  twenty 
one  dollars  for  each  pupil  in  average  oaily  attendance  in  the 
county,  or  city  and  county,  for  the  scaool  year  closing  June 
thirtieta  preceding,  tnen  the  minlmura  amount  shall  be  such  a 


*■** 


•sn- 


-19- 


sura  as  will  eoual  to  twenty  one  dollars  for  eacii  pupil  In 
average  daily  attendance  in  trie  county,  or  city  and  county, 
for  the  school  year  ending  June  tairtieta  precedlngj  but  in 
no  case  stmll  the  rate  of  tax  levied  for  county  or  city  ana 
county  school  purposes  in  any  one  year  exceed  fifty  cents  on 
each  hundred  dollars  of  taxable  property  in  the  county  or  city 
ana  county." 

In  section  1622,  it  is  stated  taat  not  less  taan  50/o  of 
tue  county  scaooI  money  shall  be  applied  exclusively  to  pay- 
ment of  teachers'  salaries  of  elerner;tary  schools. 

The  number  of  teachers  that  each  sciiool  district  is  entitled 
to  is  based  upon  one  teacher  for  every  triirty  five  pupils.  In 
caapter  V  taere  is  furt  ler  explanation, 

Asi;)e  from  this  general  coLinty  tax  for  the  maintenance  of 
elementary  schools,  tnere  are  two  other  means  by  whicn  school 

« 

districts  can  raise  loney  for  school  purposes. 

Special  maintenance  tax. 
Section  1840:  "The  board  of  scnool  trustees  or  board  of  educa- 
tion of  any  school  district  or  of  any  city  may,  at  least  fifteen 
days  oefore  the  first  day  of  the  month  in  which  the  board  of 
supervisors  is  required  by  law  to  levy  tiie  taxes  reouired  for 
county  purposes,  submit  to  tae  county  superintendent  of  scoools 
an  estimate  of  any  amount  in  excess  of  tne  amounts  derived  from 
state  and  county  funds  w  lica  will  be  required  for  the  maintenance 
of  any  school  or  schools  in  their  several  districts  for  the  ensu- 


:   i:\ 


-20- 


ing  school   year.      Tlie  county  euperlntendent  of  sc.iools   siiall 
taer<^upon  examine   svi'i   estimates  and   submit   copies  of  trie 
same  with  nls  approval  or    >isapproval   endorsed   tiier^on   to 
tiie   botra  oT  supervisors  ana   to  tae   county  auditor  at   tae 
time  he  submits   to  tnem  i\l8  estim  te   for  the  county  scaool 
tax   for  the   ensuing   scaool   yoar.      If  the   county  superintenoent 
of  schools  approves  such  estimate,    the  said  board  of  supervisors 
may  at   tae    time    and  in  the  manner  of  levying  otaer   taxes  levy 
and  cause  to  be  collected  in  tae   several   scnool  districts   for 
w.ilch  estimates  na /e  been  submitted  and  approved  as  hore^ln 
provideo,    the   excess  amounts  so  estiiuated  and  approved.      I'h© 
funds  so   levied  and  collected  shall  be  known  as   the  special 
sciiool   fund  of  scaool  district  and  saall  be  available 

for  any  and  all  of  tae   purposes   for  waloh  the   school   i'unds 
derived   from  the  state  and   county  may  be  used,     ind   the  moneys 
drawn  from  it  shall  be  paid  out  in  the  same  manner  as   state 
and  county  school   funds  are  paid;   provided,    tais  section  saall 
not  be   so  construed  as   to  repeal   sections  one  toousand  eight 
hundred  tairt 7  to  one  taousand   eigat  aundred   txiirty  nine,    in- 
clusive of  this   code," 

"Note, — Tais  section  provides   for  tax   for  maintenance, 
paying   teacaers ,    repairs,   and   supplies,    but  not  Tor  buildings. 
This  money  saould  be  kept  in  special  maintenance   funi    and  uses 
for  that  purpose  only." 


-21- 


According  to  section  1339,  t  lis  maximurri  rate  must  not 
exceed  tiilrty  cents  on  eu-oh   uunarea  aollara. 

Special  tax  for  building. 
Section  1838.   "Tme  board  of  sciiool  trustees  or  board  of  ed- 
ucation of  any  scaool  district  or  of  any  city,  or  city  and 

county,  may ,  submit  to  tae  county  superintendent  of 

scaools  an  extimate  of  any  amount  of  money  whlcn  saall  be  re- 
quired for  purcfiasing  scaool  lots  for  buildings  or  purciiasing 
one  or  more  scaool  buildings  or  making  alterations  or  fidditions 
to  any  scnool  building  or  buildings,  for  repairing,  restoring 
or  rebuilding  any  scaool  building  damaged,  Injured  or  destroyed 
by  fire,  or  otaer  public  calamity,  for  ensuring  scaool  build- 
ings, for  supplying  sc  lool  builoings  with  furniture  or  necessary 
apparatus  or  for  improving  school  grounds  in  tacir  several  dis- 
tricts for  tae  ensuing  scaool  year. 

Tae  funds  so  levied  and  collected  shall  be 

known  as  the  building  fund  of  scaool  district,  and  shall 

be  available  for  any  or  all  of  the  purposes  aerein  enumerated, 

proviaed,  taat  tae  maximum  rate  of  taxation  trhich  may 

be  levied  under  this  section  shall  not  exceed  fifteen  cents  on 
tae  one  aundi'  o  dollars," 

In  the  next  coapter,  taere  will  be  an  explanation  of  method 
of  oistribution  of  state  and  county  money  and  tables  showing 
assessed  valuation  of  each  school  district  wita  amount  of  tax 
rates  special  and  building. 


5aa 


-22-' 


Chapter  V 
Metnods  of  i^istribution  of  State  and  County  Funds      j 

In  apportioning  sc  lool  funds,  tnere  ust  be  a  Definite 
unit  as  a  b  sis  of  distribution.   Tiais  is  explained  in  section 
1858^  A^  f4^^<^<^  i -^ 

^ip(?t±crn"  IQbO.   "The  scaool  superintendent  of  every  county 
and  city  and  county  ust  apportion  all  state  and  county  scaool 
moneys  for  tae  elementary  grades  of  ais  c:unty  or  city  ana  county 
as  follows: 

First. — he  must  ascertain  the  number  of  teachers  each  school 
district  is  entitled  to  ty  calculfiting  one  tencher  for  every  dis- 
trict iiaving  thirty  five  or  a  less  number  of  units  of  average 
daily  attendance  and  one  additional  teacher  for  each  additional 
thirty  five  units  of  average  daily  attendance,  or  fraction  of 
thirty  five  not  less  taan  ten  units  of  average  daily  attenoance 
as  shown  by  the  annual  scriool  report  of  the  school  district  for 
the  next  preceding  year;  and  two  additional  teachers  shall  be 
allowed  to  each  district  for  every  seven  nundred  units  of  aver- 
age daily  attendance;  and  in  districts  waerein  separate  classes 
are  establisaed  for  tae  instruction  of  the  deaf an  addit- 
ional teacaer  for  each  nine  deaf  cailaren,  or  fraction  of  such 
number,  not  less  than  five,  actually  attending  suc.i  classes." 

Apportionment  of  state  money. 
Sect.  1532;  (Under  duties  of  Supt,  of  Public  Instruction.) 


-23- 


"Pourttx.  To  apportion  tiae  state  school  fund. In 

apportioning  said  fund  iie  shall  apportion  to  every  county  and 
to  every  city  and  county  tiiree  hundred  fifty  dollars  for  every 
teacher  determined  and  assigned  to  it  on  average  dally  attend- 
ance by  county  or  city  and  county  school  superintendent  for 

the  next  preceding  scaool  year,  ns  required-- -and  after 

tnus  apportioning  three  hundred  fifty  dollars  on  teacher  basis, 
he  Siiall  apportion  the  aalance  of  the  state  school  fund  to  the 
several  counties  or  cities  and  counties  according  to  their  aver- 
age  daily  attenaance. 

After  the  distribution  of  tne  state  funds  to  the  various 
counties,  the  county  superintendents  distribute  the  state  and 
county  funds  as  follows i 

Sect.  1858.  "Tnird,— Eight  hundred  dollars  shall  be  appor- 
tioned  to  every  school  district  for  every  teacher  so  allowed  to 
it,  provided,  that  to  districts  having  over  thirty  five  or  mul- 
tiple of  thirty  five  units  of  average  daily  attendance,  and  a 
fraction  of  less  trian  ten  units  of  average  daily  attendance, 
forty  dollars  shall  be  apportioned  for  each  unit  of  average 
dally  attendance  in  said  fraction*" 

Remaining  money  apportioned  on  attendance, 

"Fourth.— All  sciool  moneys  remaining  on  hand,  after 
apportioning  to  t.ie  scaool  districts  the  moneys  provi  led  for  in 
subdivision  taree  of  this  section,  must  be  apportioned  to  the 


-24- 


several  districts  In  proportion  to  the  average  dally  attendance 
Is  each  district  durinr  the  next  preceding  school  yesr," 

In  this  county,  for  the  present  school  year,  the  state  money 
was  distributed  on  the  basis  of  $350  per  teacher  and  $7.27  per 
pupil  in  average  daily  attendance.   Tne  county  money  was  distrib- 
uted on  the  bas3 s  of  ^450.00  per  teacher  and  vlb.OO  per  pupil. 

(Note.  It  may  oe  that  the  amounts  per  pupil  for  both  state 
and  county  may  be  a  few  cents  more.   The  figures  in  the  following 
tables  arc  given  on  tae  above  bases.) 

It  is  Interesting  to  note  that  while  the  state  requires  a 
minimum  of  $21.00  per  pupil  to  be  raised  in  every  county,  the 
450  county  rate  raised  approximately  ;:30.1S  pep  pupil.' 

ProiT:  table  III  which  follows  containing  average  dally  attend- 
ance and  number  of  statutory  teachers  for  each  district,  and  from 
tae  preceding:  figures,  the  amounts  that  each  district  received 
from  state  ana  county  for  the  year  1919-'20  can  e   calculated. 
Table  IV  gives  this  infor.nation, 

i^ior  example,  in  table  III  it  is  seen  that  Alvlso  had  an 
average  daily  attendance  of  75  pupils,  and  was  thus  entitled  to 
t'«o  teacaers  and  an  exccss  of  five.   Therefore  from  tae  state, 
this  district  would  receive  4350  x  2  ■  $700  plus  ;t7»27  x  75  * 
$545.25;  total  $1245.25.   (See  IV.)   Prom  tae  county,— ;; 450  x  2  = 

|900  plus   40  x  5  (excess)  =  |200  plus  $16.00  x  75  =  *1200;  total 

$2300. 


Ui 


-25- 


TABLE  III 
Table  showing  average  dally  attendance  for  every  dis- 
trict for  year  1918- '19  and  number  of  teachers  allowed  ac- 
cording to  section  1858 • 


District 


Average  daily 
Attendance 


Number  of  :  Excess  of  35  or 
Teachers   :  Multiple  of  55 


Alameda 


Albany 


3352 


350 


103 


10 


Alvarado 


94 


Alvlso 


75 


Antone 


20 


8 


Berkeley 


6199 


193 


Castro  Valley 


Centerville 


106 


196 


6 


Decoto 


143 


Eden  Vale 


10 


Emeryville 


Eureka 


Green 


Hayward 


353 


94 


86 


915 


10 


28 


: 


Independent 


Inman 


47 


25 


•«i6  t*3^eve 


ou  \c 


fff-*XA 


'.ItJA 


'.T  n\VS^  Of 


«»36* 


TABLE  III    (con.) 


*     a      :      b      :       1                ' 

District    :Average  daily  :   Niimber  of   :  Excess  of  35  or  J 
:  Attendance  :   Teachers    :  Multiple  of  35  : 

Irvington       :      148     :       4       :       8       ! 

:            :             :               : 

Lincoln         t      21     t       1       s             -  ! 

:            :            :              i 

Livermore       :      259     :       8      x            -     ' 

•  t                          • 

•  •                          •                             * 

May            !      21     »       1       t            -  ! 

J            :             : 

t 

Midway          t               13     i       1      :             -  . 

:            }             t 

Mission  San  Jose  :      93     t      3      :              ' 

«                        •                          • 

•                        •                          • 

Mocho          s      23     :      1      t              < 

•  *                              •                                  i 

•  •                              • 

Mo\3Bt  House      :      12     z       1       t 

:            2             t 

1 

Mowry's  Landing  :       16     t       1       : 

> 

Murray          :       46     :      2       : 

Newark          :      125     :       4       : 

Niles           J      235     :       7       : 

Oakland  ,       :    22521     :    709       : 

:            X            X 

Palomares       :       18     :       1       :             -  . 

*  *                          f                             * 

•  •                          • 

Piedmont        t      482     ;      14       t 

•  •                            • 

•  *                            • 

Pleasanton      :      298     :       9      x 

Redwood         :       11     :       1       : 

I 

Russell         S      30     :       1      x 

t                            t                              : 

San  Leandro      :      708     :      22       :        8       ' 

•  •                            • 

•  •                            • 

'T'.t"  ^d 


,  ■"#  r  ^u  ^t.  rv  ^  T 


^   'I 
vtrrtTOM 


O'X 


-27« 


Total 


TABLE  III  (con.) 


District 

:       a 

:  Average  dally  i 
:   Attendance  ; 

!         b         S          C          t 

!   Number  of   :  Excess  of  35  or  : 
!   Teachers    :  Multiple  of  35.  : 

San  Lorenzo 

:      271 

t        8      s 

Sheridan 

!       23      . 

I       1      :               : 

Stony  Brook     j       19      . 

!       1     :              : 

>         1A        • 

I       1     :            -  : 

:              : 

•          XO         1 

Sunol  Glen 

!         41        ! 

1     :     .   &     -  : 

•  • 

•  • 

1      1               : 

Towns  end       '. 

18       J 

Vniiecltoa      ! 

*                   16       • 

1     :            -  : 
t              : 

*                                       1 

Valle  Vista     :      SO      i       1      :             ~  i 

:             :             :              t 

Warm  Springs    :      8S      j       5      t               : 

:            :            :              : 

37584 


1179.8 


50, 


*Antone  district  In  two  counties — Alameda  and  Contra  Costa. 
*Sunol,  Sheridan  and  Vallecltos  consolidated  during  this  year. 


Data  obtained  from  cotinty  wperlntandent's  offlco» 


-28- 


TABLE  IV. 


Tables  showing  amounts  received  by  each  district  from 
state  and  County  funds  for  year  1919- '20  distributed  on  fol- 
lowing basis:  3tate:  $350.  per  teachdr  and  ^7.27  per  pupil; 
County  ^450.  per  teacher  and  3316.00  per  pupil. 

a  b 


District 

:  Amount~^ecelved 

5  Amount  l^ecelved 

►    Tcoai   oounxr y  •    s 

Alameda 

J    ^  60,273.64 

:   f  99,942.00 

Albany 

1      6, 044. Go   i 

!     10,102.00 

1                 1 

8 

Alva ra do 

:      1,733.38 

t      a,854.00    : 

Alvlso 

;      1,245.25 

5      2,300.00 

! 

t 

Antone 

:        425.40 

1                J 

I        680.00 
t 

;  Basis  .8 

Berkeley 

1    112,618.73   ! 
t                                       \ 

r    182,194.00    ! 

1 

Castro  Valley 

:      1,820.62   1 

I               3,085.00 

centerville 

1      3,524.92 

!      5,836.00 
1 

•                               l 

Decoto 

:      2,439.61   1 

4,208.00 

Eden  Vale 

:        422.70 

!        610.00 

! 

Era9r3rvlll« 

I               6,066.31 

i             10,268.00 

Eureka 

:      1,733.38 

!      1,854.00 

1 

Green 

X        539.02 

• 

866.00 

Hayward 

:     16,452.05   ! 

27,440.00    1 

Independent 

:      1,041.69 

!      1,652.00    ; 

Inman 

t        531.75   ! 

850.00 

.,,^..«i        * .     t 


.mfi 


^'ZEilli. 


-29- 


TABLK   IV.    (con.) 


District 


a 

Amount  T^ecelved 

from  St-^te. 


Amount  ITecelved  : 
from  Cou-'ty.  ; 


Ipvington 


2,475.96   :    f  4,488.00   : 


Lincoln 


502.67 


786.00 


Llvermore 


4,680.93 


7,744.00 


May 


502  .67 


786.00 


Midway 


Mission  San  Jose 


Mocho 


Mount  House 


444.51 


1,726.11 


527.21  I 


437.24 


658.00 


2,838.00 


818.00 


642.00 


Mowry's  Landing 
Murray 


466.32  : 


1,034.42 


706.00 


1,636.00 


Newark 


2,308.75 


3,800.00 


Niles 


Oakland 


Falomares 


4,158.45 


411,877.67 


480 .86 


6,910.00 


679,386.00 


738.00 


Piedmont 


8,404.14   : 


14,012.00 


Pleasanton 


Redwood 


5,315.46 


429.97 


8,818.00 


626.00 


Russell 


568.10 


930.00 


^w^lf 


-30- 


TABLE  IV.  (con.) 


District 


San  Lorenzo 


a 

Amount  Heceived 
from  State. 


San  Leandro 


Amount  deceived 
from  County 


I    $  12,847.16    t        I  21,548.00 

t 


4,770.17 


7,936.00 


Sheridan 


Stony  BiTOok 


488.13 


754.00 


Sioinmit 


480.86 


738.00 


Sunol  Glan 


Towns end 


1,531.60 


480 .86 


2,630.00 


738.00 


Vallecitos 


Valle  Vista 


568.10 


930.00 


Warm  Springs 


1,633.41 


2,678.00 


Data  obtained  from  county  superintendent's  office. 


Table  V  gives  the  assessed  valuation  of  each  district 
and  special  rates.   R'ora  this  data,  the  extra  revenue  for 
the  special  district  taxes  could  be  obtained. 

During  this  school  year,  the  thre.e  districts,  Sheridan, 
Sunol  and  Vallecitos  consolidated.  Therefore,  there  are 
now  forty  two  school  districts.  Of  th.ese,  twelve  have  the 
maximum  thirty  cent  special  taxj  twelve  have  no  special  tax, 
depending  entirely  on  state  and  county;  the  rest  have  spe- 
cial rates  ranging  from  two  cents  to  twenty  eight  cents. 


-32- 
TABLB  V, 


Table  Bhowlng  ftssessod  valuAtlons  ^f  the  different 
diitriets  and  rates  for  malntananeesy  Upeelal  and  build* 
Ings,   for  1919- 'SO^ 


Distriets 


Alameda 


Valttatlon 


i {     Rates 

Specia 


^  15,1^91, 5<51. 


Mftlntenanc« 


0ni 


Spocl^l 

Bulla  tnjy 


Aibntny  "" 
Alvorado 


a,4S5,975,  ♦ 


IT 


l»S(»,450,  t 


AlYlSO 


603, 835, 


Antone 
Berkeley 


^5,000. 


41,331,507. 


T^r 


Tcr 


Castro  Valley 
Centervllie 


gg8,07&^  t 


TIT 

TIT 


1,09S,S75. 


Decoto 


914, 57B,  t 


Sden  Vale 


170,^55,  : 


OseryTlile 


4,s3g,Mo>  t — rsr 


&ureka' 
Oreon 


l,0Se,075,   I 
L 


179,525.   I 


T3^ 


Heytiard" 


S,31Q,5&7.   t 


T5" 


Inde 


147,275.   » 


Inman 


536,100. 


735" 


irvingtoa 
Lincoln 


651,000.  » — :w 


478, SCO   » — nxr 


'^xt 


TABLE  V.  (con.) 


Districts 


Assessed 
Valuation 


t  Rates 

Special 


#  2,250,275. 


Maintenance 


7S^ 
"7^ 


special 

Buil(Jin; 


•  A^t-^ 


Llvermore 


152,96(5. 


TT5" 


BiF 


Midway 

Mission  San  Jose 


59,S25. 


437,9(30. 


Hocho 
Hount  House 


323,825. 


128,850. 


Howry's  Landing 
tfurray 


429,525. 


621,575. 


T^ 


Newark 


776,675. 


737" 

TTT 


T2S — r 

: 


«lles 
Oakland , 


1225,125. 


147,966,611. 
215,075. 


TT5 


TU5" 


Paloniares 
Piedmont 


7,432,603. 
1,571,000. 


73^ 


TTT 


Ploasanton 
Redwood 


"Tmr 


301,475. 
212,900. 


■7^2" 


Russell 


&an  Leandro 

fean  Lorenzo 


4,061,300. 
2,053,050. 


73^ 
752" 


7(5^ 


W," 


a. 


rr^ 


7^ 


-34- 


TABLE  V.    (con.) 


Districts 
Stierldan 


Assepised 
Valuation 


575,406. 


Rates 


Special 
Maintenance 


TST 


Special 
Building 


Stony  Brook 
^tumnit 


159,975. 


149,750.  , n:5" 


Sunol     Glen 
l?ownsend 


993,550. 


TT5" 


294,850. 


TTT 


Vallecltos 


353,475.    : 


Valle  Vista 


168,825. 


TTT 


Warm  Sjirings 


604,100. 


Dat*  obtalTiod  from  aisesjaor's  »in<1  tax  collector's  offices, 


■-—■yre 


ii  "s 


-35- 


Chapter  VI 
Metiiods  Used  in  Carrying  on  the  Campaign, 

In  ,^^^' campaign  tiiere  were  tvo  dletlnct  lines  of  action. 
First,  taere  was  the  county  wide  movement  to  get  an  Increase  In 
the  county  rate  from  tventyAcents  to  forty  five  cents.  Second, 
taere  had  to  be  definite  action  i  •»  >wu i  by  the  teacaers  within  the 
three  cities,  Oakland,  Berkeley  and  Alameda,  In  or ner  to  obtain 
Increases  In  the  city  rates,  so  that  their  salary  requests  could 
be  met.   For  example,  in  Oakland,  the  extra  amount  received  from 
the  county  woula  give  the  teacaer  an  Increase  of  approxlmrtely 
1300.00.   They  were  asking  for  #420. 00.   Tnerefore,  In  order  to 
obtain  this,  It  was  necessary  to  have  a  city  campaign  Independent 
of  the  county  so  as  to  obtain  a  10^  Increase  in  tiie  citv  rate 
which  would  give  the  teachers  approximately  $120.  extra. 

In  order  to  carry  on  all  tnls  work,  money  was  needed.  For 
this  reason  a  special  assessment  of  $r;?.50  was  levied  on  all  the 
teacaers.   This  gave  a  campaign  fund  of  over  |4000.00. 

Since,  in  this  paper,  I  am  dealing  only  wlta  the  county 
wide  campaign,  I  will  not  attempt  to  go  into  tae  problems  of  the 
cities. 

Ta#  Publicity  committee,  made  up  of  sixteen  members  as  men- 
tioned In  chapter  I,  decided  to  proceed  along  the  following  lines: 
1,   Teachers  throughout  the  county  were  requested  to  sign  petitions 


-56- 


asking  tiie  Board  of  Supervisors   to  raise   the   coarity  rate   from 

27jz^  to   450. 

2*   Petitions,  requesting  the  Board  of  Supervisors  to  increase 

the  county  rate,  were  circulated  by  the  teacaers  sking  voters, 

taxpayers  and  citizens  to  sign  in  order  to  prove  to  tne  tax 

levying  bocy  tnat  the  people  were  ivilling  to  aave  taxes  increased 

BO  as  to  increase  salaries. 

3«   Qidorscinents  ivere  obtained  from  all  labor  anions,  fraternal 

organizations,  women's  clubs  and  other  civic  bodies,  as  well  as 

from  prominent  business  ana  professional  men  and  women. 

4.  A  publicity  firm  was  employed  to  direct  publicity  throughout 
the  county  by  means  of  nev;spapers,  movies,  etc. 

5.  A  representative  vms  appointed  from  the  Alameda  County  Edu- 
cational ssociation  to  have  c.iarge  of  all  districts  outside  of 
the  cities,  Oakland,  Berkeley,  Alameda  and  Piedmont.  It  was  his 
duty  to  make  a  personal  study  of  the  needs  oi  the  districts,  to 
intervie  .'  school  trustees  and  to  attend  to  the  circul^^tion  of 
the  petitions  to  the  Board  of  Supervisors,  The  writer  of  this 
paper  was  appointed  to  have  charge  of  tnese  districts. 

As  a  result  of  the  personal  canvas  by  tne  teachers,  over 
70,000  signatures  to  tae  citizens'  petitions  to  tae  Board  of 
Supervisors  were  obtained.  Also,  taere  were  hundreds  of  personal 
enaorsements  by  prominent  people  of  tae  county. 

Of  the  forty  four  scaool  boards,  tnirty  five  signed  petitions 


'A  H 


ar::. 


•37- 


aaklng  the  Board  of  Supervisors  for  tha  IncroKP©  In  the  county 
rate*  Thie  ^ae  very  Important  Plnce  the  anoerviaors  wished  the 
official  action  of  the  ma.^orlty  of  tho  Boardt<  of  trustees. 

In  orfler  to  ret  t>>«  Boards^to  aek  officially  for  the  45j^ 
rate,  the  approximate  increase  in  f^nds  for  the  year  i:i9-*20 
ves  computed  for  each  district.  To  obtain  thl;  infonutttlon  the 
followiniT  data  was  collected: 

It  Assessed  val'ifltlon. 

2,  Average  dailT  attendance  for  proceading  year* 

3,  number  of  teachers  and  yearly  salaries, 

4,  Special   rates,   ai3   granmar^^bwilding,   etc. 

With  the  abo  e  data  and  knowlnr  the  method  of  distribution, 
it  was  possible  to  state  the  total  increase  in  funds  and  from 
that  how  mnoh  the  teachers*  salaries  could  be  increased. 

I  will  not  attempt  to  give  all  the  tables  compiled  to  show 
this.  The  vario»>8  tables  throMghont  thes^  chanters  will  Rhow  the 
methods  used* 

It  is  int0re8tini7  to  note  that  the  sctual  amounts  received 
by  the  districts  from  the  state  and  co'mty  for  1919- * 20  even  ex- 
ceeded the  figures  given  to  the  Boards*^  '^^^  d*rH*A^/tiZ  . 

After  the  Board  of  Supervisors  increased  the  oo mty  rate  to 
45^,  ther<=t  was  a  follow  up  o©mp«lgn  to  see  -**■  the  teachers  re» 
ceive*^  selarv  increases  which  were  due. 

In  September  a  qaestionaire  was  sent  out  to  th^  forty  districts 


-59- 


In  order  to  obtain  the  new  salary  actiedules.   It  w;S  found  that 
only  a  fe.v  of  the  Boards  had  made  satisfactory  ealrry  increaseo. 
The  follo^jlnf  Is  the  form  of  the  queetlcnaire  senti 

School  District 

Names  of  »        Year  1918-' 19     ;   Year  1919~'20   . 

-  Sr.lary   I   No.  of  .  Salary   '.      No.  of. 
teacriers   iper  month  ;  months  iper  month  ;  months i 

The  next  step  in  trie  follow  up  work  was  to  send  a  letter 
to  eaca  neniber  of  the  Boar(^of  trustees  and  to  every  teacher  in 
tiiese  respective  districts.  Thus,  in  every  district,  all  the 
members  of  the  Board  and  every  t  aciier  received  a  statement  snow- 
ing the  total  amount  of  funds  from  various  source s  available  for 
the  year  1919- '20  and  also  balances  on  nand  July  1,  1919,   Lastly 
and  all  important,  tiie  salary  triat  each  teacrier  had  a  right  to 
expect  for  the  school  year  K^^w/ t-^-tK^tf-^t^*-*^  <■ 

The  salaries  for  each  scaool  were  decided  upon  after  tae 
total  expenses  for  salaries  and  general  expenses  :iRd  been  calcu- 
lated for  the  precedin(^  yeaij. 

fit  &^yf^  t%^ 

Tne  following  is. trie   letter  sent  to   tne  members  of  the  Boardlf^ 

and  to   the   t  achers  of  the  Irvlngton   school  district; 


Ja 


at 


-39- 

Oaklan  ,  Ciiliv, 
Oct.  21,  1919. 

To  the  Trustees,  Principals,  and  Teacaers; 

Tae  enclosed  statement  shows  the  follo\7lngi 

1.  Approximate  a'mounts  of  money  that  will  be  received  from 
State,  County,  'and  Special  funds  for  the  year  1919-1920. 

2.  Balances  in  various  funds  on  July  1,  1919. 

3.  The  amount  of  money  that  can  reasonably  be  spent  for 
teac.iers*  salaries  for  tie  ^j-ear  1P19-1920, 

All  increases  siould  be  made  retro-active,  that  is,  increases 
should  apply  also  to  past  two  months  or  more. 

Copies  of  this  statement  will  be  sent  to  all  members  of  the  Boards 
of  Trustees  and  to  each  teacher  in  the  schools  of  the  County. 

Before  arranging  to  spend  any  extra  amounts  for  buildinr  or  ^ro^nds 
clerks  should  notify  Mr.  Mock,  0-!ief  Deputy  Supt,  of  Schools Aj — -^^^o^^ 

Kindergarten  funds  are  not  included  in  this  report.  Kindergarten 
teacaers  should  receive  the  same  salaries  as  otaer  teacaers. 

GEO.    ?.'.    PiaCK, 

County  Supt.   of  Scriools. 

DISTRICT? Irvington" ' 

Total  amount  -   1919-1920.  ,  Increase  over  1918-1919. 

State  &  County  $6,969.83  ^2,046.32 

Special    (S.    1840)      |      C56.B0 

TOTAL  $7,626.63 

Building  Special   | 

Balances,  Jul"  1,  1919. 


Salary  $  505 , 44 

Special  or  general!  947.57 

Library  ,* 

Building         I 


-40- 


ReASonable  amount  to  be  spent  for  teachers'  salaries  1919- '20. 
Principal     $2,000 

3  teachers    . 
($1200  each)   *iiii22 

Janitor       $  600 

Total     $6,200 


This  is  a  typical  letter  sent  to  all  districts, 

Ae  stated  before,  the  recomiiiended  salaries  were  decided 

upon  after  expenses  for  tae  year  191B-'19  had  been  calculated. 

The  following  is  the  data  for  Irvlngton; 

Expenses 
1913-' 19 

Teachers' 

Salaries     #4,250 

Janitor        360 
General         905.71 

Total    ^5,513.71  |7,100 

It  will  be  seen  tixat  the  St7,100  comes  well  within  tne  total 
revenue  for  the  year,  whicu  is  $7,626.63.  It  also  leaves  over 
$1,200  balance. 

The  salaries  for  191S-'19  were  as  follows;  Principal,  gl550 
and  teachers  $900  each.  After  the  Board  received  the  letter  show- 
ing the  financial  concUtion' of  the  school,  the  salaries  were  in- 
creased to  tne  amounts  recommended. 


Estimated  iiixpenses 
1919-'20 

15, 

,600 

600 

900 

,  beSj?: 


Oi. 
•wocia  1*- 


-41- 


Aboat  three  «eelc8  »ft©r  thete  letters  were  sent  out,  a 
second  queetionalre  was  sent  to  find  liow  many  Boards  were  giving 
the  reoomnended  salaries,  or,  at  least*  salaries  satisfactory  to 
'.    the  teachers* 

ijach  district  has  its  own  problems  and  it  woudl  be  reasonable 
^   tuit  the  Boards  might  not  be  abl*  to  pay  all  that  was  suggested. 
In  the  main,  the  salary  increases  have  been  very  satisfactory. 
In  nearly  all  districts,  the  Boaz*ds  wiehed  to  pay  suca  salaries 
as  could  be  maintained  for  the  year  1920- '21,  and,  if  possible, 
to  increase  the  present  salaries. 

The  following  is  the  form  of  tne  2nd  questionaire  sent  to 
all  the  schools. 

Sohool  District 


Increase  in  Salary  since      Hew  Yearly  Salary 
Names  of   *   last  queationaire  was  1919-1920 

i     sent  out  "" 

Teachers  i  i 

•  Am*t  per  mo.  •  No.  of  montas. Salary  per.Ko.  of 

•  .  •   month   .   mo  lit. IS 


s«   Was  the  increase  made  to  apply  to  preceding  montas? 

b»   Kindly  state  in  detail  attitude  of  Board  in  response  to 
•uggested  salaries  as  recommended  by  Mr,  Frick. 

After  receiving  answers  to  the  second  question&ire,  I  went 
to  tae  various  Boards  woei'e  there  had  not  been  satisfactory  salary 
increases-  ag  aug  to  aelp  make  adjustments.   In  many  oases,  there 


n   ■:i--'i.c-' 


UJiiiC 


-4i>3* 


were  very  excellent  responses.  However,  taere  were  some  districts 
whe^  the  Boards  would  not  Increase  tiae  salaries  to  the  extent 
Justified  by  amount  of  money  available  for  the  year.  It  must  be 
understood  that  each  Board  is  a  law  unto  itself  and  if  the  members 
would  not  vote  a  salary  increase,  notaing  more  could  be  done. 

In  tiae  next  chapter  will  be  stated  tae  results  of  the  campaign. 


JISW 


-43- 


CHAPTER  VII 
Results  of  the  Campaign. 

While  the  direct  result  of  this  campaign  has  been  the 
obtaining  of  decider'  increases  In  school  funds  so  as  to  nay 
more  -adequate  sa"*  riea,  still  t^ore  were  also  many  indir?^ct 
resnltr.  Of  these,  one  of  the  most  important  has  been  the 
education  of  the  nublic  to  the  needs  of  the  schools,  and  to  a 
realization  of  the  inadequary  of  teachers'  salaries.  Also, 
among  the  teachers  thems  Ivos,  there  has  been  a  quickening  of 
interest  in  school  finances  with  an  added  understanding  of  the 
apportionment  of  funds,  so  that.  In  the  future,  tney  are  not 
going  to  be  satisfied  merely  wlthj  the  jreceiving  of  their  salaries 

Throughout  this  whole  camp  sign,  in  calking  with  members 
of  the  various  Boards,  the  one  thing  that  •w-fi   stressed  was  the 
idea  of  cooperation  on  the  part  of  the  teachers  anc  not  coercion. 
When  teachers  become  more  conversant  with  financial  conditions 
of  the  schools,  there  can  be  more  intelligent  cooperetion.  Much 
mora  can  be  gained  by  this  method  than  for  teachers,  ignorant  of 
school  budgets,  to  say  to  a  Board,  "If  you  don't  pay  better 
salaries,  we  will  strike." 

No  Board  of  trustees  could  say,  as  has  been  said  In  the 
past,  ih  t  there  were  not  sufficient  funds  to  give  the  teachers 
very  decided  increase  in  salaries.  In  the  table  which  follows, 
the  recommended  salaries  for  the  forty  districts  and  also  the 
lowest  recommended  salaries  are  given. 


.as 'I 


-44- 


TABLE  VI. 

Table  showing,  first,  recommended  salaries  for  1919- '20; 
second,  lowest  recommended  salaries;  third,  colximn  c  showing 
salaries  as  promised  by  the  various  bo i rds  of  trustees  up  to 
January  1,  1920;  and  fourth,  average  increase  per  teacher  in 
the  different  districts. 


Districts 


a 

Recommended 
Salaries 
1919- '20 


b     :      c 

Lowest  Re-:  FrlncTpal 

commended  :  Maximum 

salaries  :  Minimum 


Average  In- 
crease per 
teacher 


Alameda 


I 


Albany 


:  Pr,  2400 
:  960-1560 


2  yrs.  exp:  Pr.  2400 
1260    :  960-1560 


I^BO.OO 


Alva ra do 


:  Pr.  1800 
:  2-1200 


$1200.   :  Pr.  1650 
;  (1050 

rTW6 — 


224.00 


Alviso 

Pr.  1400    : 
1-1200      : 

1200. 

• 
• 

• 
• 

Pr.  1200    J 
1-1100      J 

250.00 

Antone 

: 

1200.00     : 

1200.00 

: 

850.00     ! 

t     0 

Berkeley 

t 

! 

1200-1620    ; 

(300.) 

Castro  Valley 

Pr.  1800    : 
3-1200      : 

1200.00 

: 

Pr.  1800    ! 
3-1200      ! 

2  T-180 
Pr.  600 

Centerville 

Pr.  2000    : 
5-1200      : 

1200.00 

Pr.  1800 
840  to  1140 

:   Pr.  315 
!   Av.  180 

Decoto 

• 
• 

Pr.  1800    : 
3-1200      : 

1200.00 

Pr.  1800 
3-1200      ! 

Pr.  360. 
2  T.240 

Eden  Vale 

• 
• 

: 

1-950       : 

950. 

: 

1000 

!    250 . 

Emeryville 

• 
• 

• 
• 

Pr.  2400    : 
1260  to  1620: 

1260. 

Pr.  2280 
1200  to  1620 

!    316. 

Kureka 

t 

Pr.  1600    : 
2-1100-1200  ; 

1100. 

Fr.  1450. 
900  to  1050 

1   Pr.  85 

t   T-105 

Green 

• 
• 

• 
• 

1200        i 

1200. 

: 

• 
• 

1000        ! 

!    100 

Hayward 

• 
• 

Pr.  2700    : 
1080  to  1200: 

1080. 

• 
• 

• 
• 

Pr.  2700 
1080  to  1200 

:   Pr.  700 
:   T.-315 

Jirrl 

0  . 

/■■ : 

-el 

b 

9i«': 

l»q 

[  saasn 

f 

0(    ~ 


...VIA 


9^ 


/tetm. 


-45- 


TABUt  VI. 


DistPicts       1 

talari 98 

1919- •20     1 

t          b          1 
1  Lowest  Ke«>i 

I   comnended  i 
{       salaries   j 

Prlnofpal       i 
Uaxlmum            i 
MinlBium           1 

Average  In- 
t  oreaat  per 
teacher 

Inddpendeat           i 

1500  and 
1100 

1100          1 

Pr.  1300       ! 

1100          ! 

400. 

iBBMtt                             i 

12Q0                1 

I                             1 

1      1800            1 

1200                ! 

350. 

tnrlngton               i 

3-lSOO 

1      1800            J 

[     Pr.  1800       1 
3-1200            1 

1          1^87^ 

Llneola                  I 

1     1800 

1      180«            I 

t      1000 

!          800 

liivenaort               I 

1    Pr.  2160 
1     9-1260 

t      18d0            \ 

1     Pr.  8160        1 
1      1140-1200 

\          Pr.  360 
:          9T     840 

May 

1200 

1      1850            1 

1     1100                1 

I          150. 

Kldway                     1 

i     1000 

1      1000 

(        650                ) 

{          270 

lilsai<m                  ) 

1     FP,   1500 
\      £-lk;00 

I      1200            ] 

\     Pr.   1450 
1      2-930              I 

1         Vv.  300 
1          2-200 

li»elio                     i 

t      1300 

1 

»      1300            1 

1      1300 

I          550. 

Mount  Moose           i 

\      1000 

1      1000 

1       990 

1          350. 

MmiX7*8  Landing  i 

I     1200 

t      1200 

\      1000 

:          300 

liomy                   j 

I     Pr,  1400 
i      1-1200 

J      1800 

{     Pr.  1000 
1      1-900 

1          800 

■evark 

I     ^'p,  1800 
I     lSiOO-1300 

!      1800 

r     Pr.  1650 
{     1000-1100 

1          1-260 
1          3-150 

Hllea 

!     Pr.  8000 
1      -ISOO 

1      1300 

I    Pr.  8000 

I      1050-1800 

1          300  Appr. 

Oakland                   1 

1                              t 
1                              t 

1      1260-1800 

r         (420) 

Falemares              i 

1      1800 

t      1800 

1        850 

1            150 

Fiednont 

t                         i 
t                         t 

1      1860-1680 

1          (360) 

I  ■ 


;rr 


:.«BtTl 


s»Vlfe«|ftfS'- 


-46- 


TABLE  VJ.  (con.) 


Districts 

t             a 
!  Recommended 
!   Salaries 
:    1919-'20 

1     b 

!  Lowest  Re- 
;  commended 

:   salaries 

:      c 

:  Principal 
;   Maximum 
:  Minimum 

d 
!  Average  In- 
!  crease  per 
:  teacher 

Pleasanton 

I        Pr.  2160 
:   8-1320 

5   1320 

:  -     Pr.  2040  . 
:      1080-1170 

!   260  Av. 

Redwood 

'.         1200 

!    1200 

> 

5     810 

I   250 

Russell        1 

!    1200 

:   1200 

:   1000      : 

I 

:    100 

I 

San  Leandro 

!   Pr.  2500 
!    1200-1560  ' 

'.        1200 

!   Pr,  2280 
t        11200-1560 

!    360  ■ 

San  Lorenzo 

!   Pr.  2160 
!   1380 

:   1380 

:   Pr.  2100 
:  1140-1290  1 

'.        300- 

I 

Stoney  Brook    ! 

!    1100        1 

1   1100 

:    810 

!    225  - 

Summit 

!    1100        ! 

1100      ! 

1           i 

1    900 

:   300 

Sunol  Glen      ! 

Pr.  1500   : 
!    2-1300    ! 

! 

Sheridan        : 

'  Consolidated: 

t                 3 

!    514  Av. 
!   for  3 

ValUcitos      J 

t           i 

:   Pr.  1500 

2-lki96 

-■ 

Towns  end        ! 

1500      : 

1                                       4 

1                                   4 

1500     : 

1 

1400      ! 
1             i 

!   350 

Valle  Vista     ! 

!   1200      : 

1200    : 

1200      ] 

300 

Warm  Springs    i 

< 

4 

I   Pr.  1500  s 
2-1100    J 

1100 

Pr.  1400  ; 
2-950     : 

200 
2-300 

Data  for  estimates  in  a&b  obtained  from  county  superintendent's 
office. 

Data  in  qq-^  ^^rt>v   j^  o^^talne'^  b^^  qn-*atlonalre  qnd  personal  invests  nation. 


:vr4 


i^ffft 


.47- 


Froia  a  study  of  the  lowest  reoonnMiDoed  salaries,  as  given 
In  column  b.  It  Is  seen  tiitit  all  districts  wlt.i  one  exception 
eould  pay  $1,000  or  more  to  tiie  teacaers.  However,  tkils  one 
exception  wHlch  could  not  pay  tae  $1,000,  wltuout  danger  of 
deficit.  Is  actually  paying  this  amount.  Thirty  one  districts 
could  pay  at  least  <i^l,200.   Contrast  these  possible  salaries 
vlth  the  salaries  pala  In  1918**  19  as  siiiown  in  Chapter  II. 

In  table  VI  is  shown  the  salaries  as  promised  by  the 

various  Boards  up  to  Jan.  1,  1920*  In  most  cases,  the  Boards 

t 
are  paying  the  salaries  stated. 

In  column  d  is  f^lven  the  average  incraase  per  teacher  in 
•aoh  district.  A  suaBUiry  of  this  column  briefly  shows  the  con- 
ditions* 

Ho.  of  districts.   Average  yearly  increase 

1  0 

4  §  100 
3  150 

2  180 

3  200 

2 225 

6  250  approx. 

9  300   " 

4  360   " 
2  400   " 

1  500  (taree  districts) 

(consolidated.   ) 
1  550 

In  these  districts  taere  were  163  teachers  slaving  an  average 
Increase  of  1513.00 

In  15  districts  aavlng  In  all  30  teachers,  the  salary  increase 
ranged  fro.:  0  to  #225.  In  23  districts,  having  133  teachers,  tae 
salary  increasa  ranged  from  $250  to  $550. 


•r  »    .       !» it  f  M  t 


(8.- 


Oe 


fiJt 


.nf 


-st!* 


-48- 


In  Oakland,  the  increase  .^as  *420,  in  Berkeley  ;|300,  in 
Pieciraont  |360  and  in  Alameda  $'240.00. 

Two  interesting  studies  follow  irom  the  salary  schedules 

of  191S-'19  and  1919-*20.  First,  let  us  consider  a  comparison 

of  maximum  salaries  for  these  two  years. 

— 1918-'19— 

2  schools-Range-$560  to  |590 


4 

» 

n 

600  to 

690 

7 

n 

n 

700  to 

790 

5 

It 

tt 

800  to 

890 

16 

n 

tt 

900  to 

990 

2 

ff 

It 

^1000  to 

1090 

2 

It 

« 

1100  to 

1190 

2 

II 

It 

1200  to 

1290 

— 1919-*20— 

4  schools-Range-^800  to  $890 

5  "  "  900  to  990 
7  "  "  1000  to  1090 
5    "      "   1100  to  1190 

13  "      "    1200  to  1^90 

2  "      "    1300  to  1390 

1  "      "    1400  to  1490 

2  "  "  1500  to  1590 
1  School-1620 

In  1918- '19  thirteen  scaools  had  maximums,  from  .^560  to 
$790.   In  1919- '20  all  taese  schools  paid  over  |800. 

In  1913-**  19,  34  scaools  had  maximums  less  taan  $1,000. 
In  191P-'20  only  9  scaools  tiad  maximums  less  than  $1,000. 

In  1918-'19,  only  2  scaools  had  maximums  of  f 1,200  to 
$1,290.   In  1919-'20,  19  schools  aad  maximums  from  iipl,200  to 
|;l,620. 

Second  let  us  consider  a  comparison  of  minimums  for  taese 

two  years. 


aQiili&oyco 


3  p.  Pi: 


S 


■* 


-49- 


1918- » 19 

2  Schools-Kange-$560  to  590 

4  "      "    600  to  690 

11  "      "    700  to  790 

12  "      "    300  to  S90  - 
11    "      "    900  to  990 

1919- ♦ 20 

5  School s-Hange-|SOO  to  890 
8    "      "    900  to  990 

10    "  "   1000  to  1090 

5          "  "        1100  to   1190 

10          "  "        1200  to   1290 

1  School  ^1300 

1          "  1400 

In  1918- *  19,    17  schools  had  rainlmuras  of  less   tiian  $800. 
In  1919-*20,   no   school  paid  less   tiian  $800. 

In  1918-*19,   all  40  schools  had  minlrauras   less  than  $1000, 
In  1919-*20,   26  sciiools  had  ralnlmums  of  llOOOip   to  #1400. 

All  the  very  excellent  results  obtained  throughout  the 

whole  campaign  are  due  to  strong  professional  organisation. 

Teachers  throughout  trie  state  and  the  nation  should  see  what 

can  be  done  by  ti«d»  teacaers  v?orking  togetaer  in  a  spirit  of 

harmony  and  cooperation. 


oev 

068 


ro^       o>    'I 


\3. 


.008 


.CK>OI>  an: 


lo  J  •  hi 


-50- 


0I1APTSR-VIII. 
Cone  us Ions. 

I  have  shown  in  the  preceding  chapter  the  results  ob- 
tained from  this  campaign  for  Increased  salaries.   In  order  that 
the  teachers  In  this  county  may  receive  better  salaries  next 
year,  there  should  be  definite  action  on  the  part  of  the 
Alameda  County  Educational  Association. 

However,  considering  the  very  low  salaries  of  the  largo 
majority  of  elementary  teachers  throughout  the  state,  there  is 
urgent  need  of  new  legislation  so  as  to  r)rovide  incrersed 
funds  for  the  mayment  of  edequ  te  salaries  to  all  teachers  of 
the  state. 

Therefore,  this  chapter  will  consist  of  two  parts:   first, 
reasons  for  the  continuation  of  the  salary  campaign;  and  second, 
the  necessity  of  new  state  legislation  to  obtain  more  rrio  ey  for 
school  funds. 

I.  Even  if  there  were  to  be  effective  legislation  this 
year,  the  revenue  for  the  schools  would  not  be  agumented  until 
the  year  following.  Thorofeyo,  we  must  look  to  county  and 
district  rates  to  sustain  the  present  salaries. 

In  chanter  V..Vable  V,  shows  the  assessed  valuations  and 
special  rates  for  malntenai5|j|B  of  all  the  districts.  One 


^i 


.-;  r 


•«iffv*  m>'' 


■^^F^Whx 


tiaax 


AS 


%nouA&i 


■08 


5nfl 


0n 


toeae 


-51- 


carrlee  a  rate  of  28^  and  twelve  have  a  30^  rate,  which  Is  the 
maximum;  six  carry  special  rates  between  15^  and  25^;  thirteen 
vary  from  2jzf  to  I4j2f;  and  twelve  have  no  special  tax  rates  at 
all. 

Considering  all  these  facts.  It  is  absolutely  essential 
to  hold  the  45^  county  rate  and.  If  possible,  to  increase  this 
to  the  50pf  maximum.  In  order  to  accomplish  this,  members  of  the 
salary  committee,  conversant  with  the  financial  situations, 
should  go  to  the  Boards  of  trustees  and  Rsk  them  to  offlclrlly 
request  the  levying  of  the  maximum.  This  metl  od  while  not  re- 
quired by  law.  Is  advisable  in  order  to  convince  the  supervi- 
sors that  the  ma,j5ority  of  the  Boards  desire  the  higher  rate. 

In  some  of  the  districts  having  rates  below  25^,  there  are 
Boards  decidedly  averse  to  the  special  taxes  and  they  will  do 
their  utmost  to  decrease  them  whenever  possible.  Since  this  is 
true,  the  committee  will  have  the  added  responsibility  of  show- 
ing such  Boards  the  advisability  of  retaining  the  present  spe- 
cial tax  and,  in  some  cases,  of  increasing  the  same.  This  will 
be  a  very  difficult  task. 

In  my  work  througliout  the  County,  I  found  that.  In  the 
main,  the  Board  members  were  very  glad  to  learn  what  was  be- 
ing done  in  other  districts,  and  were  Interested  in  the  dis- 
cussion of  educational  affairs. 


■n-' 


In  fact,  this  work  is  so  Important  that  I  feel  some  one 
should  be  delegated  by  educational  organizations  to  go  out 
among  the  people  of  the  rural  schools  and  acquaint  them  with 
conditions.  It  might  be  possible  for  several  count  Irs  to  com- 
bine and  to  secure  a  paid  delegate  to  spend  full  time  on  such 
work  of  en  1  Ight crimen t.  In  most  cases,  I  found  the  school 
trustees  to  be  alert  men  and  vromen,  wishing  to  do  their  best 
for  the  schools,  but  often  lacking  the  knowledge  of  what  should 
be  done. 
II.  New  State  Legislation  needed. 

In  Chapter  V,  Table  III  gives  the  average  dally  attendance 
in  each  district  with  the  ntimber  of  statutory  teachers  allowed; 
Table  IV  gives  the  amounts  of  state  and  county  aid  for  this 
year.  If  we  divide  the  amounts  given  by  the  number  of  statu- 
tory teachers,  we  will  have  the  average  per  teacher.  Table  VII 
which  follows  herewith  gives  the  aver- ge  amounts  received  from 
state  and  from  county  per  teacher  and  also  the  total  from 
state  and  county  per  teacher. 

Alameda  County  received  from  the  state  for  year  1919- *20 
approximately  |686,165.  Since  there  are  1179.8  statutory  tesph- 

ers,  ♦f  the  money  were  apportioned  only  on  this  b^sis,  the 
average  per  teacher  would  be  $681. 50. 

The  total  amount  of  county  funds  for  the  year  will  be 
.$l,ir4,014  approximately.  The  average  per  teacher  would  be 
$961.00.  This  with  the  $581.50  above  gives  a  total  per  teaPh- 
er  of  $1,542.50. 


-53- 


TABLE  VII, 


Table  showing  average  amounts  per  statutory  teacher  re- 
ceived by  districts  from  state  and  county. 


a. 


b. 


District 

:  Average  per 
:   teacher 
:from  state    ! 

Average  per   ; 
teacher     j 
from  county 

Total  state  : 
and  county   : 
per  teacher  : 

Alameda 

:| 

585.18    1 

t|   97(5.31 

1  1555.49  : 

• 
• 

Albany 

604.50 

1010.20    ! 

.   1614.70  ': 

• 
• 

Alvaradd 

577.79 

951.33 

.   1529.12  : 

• 
• 

Alviso 

622.52 

!   1150.      J 

.   1772.62  ': 

• 
• 

1                    • 

Ant  0X10 

425.40    1 

!    680. 

1 

i       1105.40  : 
•  Basis  .8   : 

Berkeley 

56^.45 

944.01 

15S7.46  : 

• 
• 

;          : 

Castro  Valley 

«, 

606.87     : 

I   1028.33 

!   1635.20  : 

• 
• 

: 

Centerville 

• 

587.48     ! 

972.70    1 

!   1560.18  : 

• 

• 
• 

fiecoto 

i 

S09.90 

1052.     ! 

1661.90  : 

: 

t 

£den  Vale 

* 

422.  70    ! 

610. 

!   1052.70  : 

! 

»                     « 

• 

Emeryville 

'6(56.03 

1026.80 

1633.43  ; 

• 
>                     • 

£ureka 

517.79 

:    927. 

1504.79   : 

*                                                            • 

Green 

t 

539.02    I 

866. 

.   1405.02  : 

t 

Hay ward 

587.57 

!    980. 

1   1567.57  : 
: 

•  • 

•  • 

Independent 

520.64 

826.       I 

.   1346.84  : 

>                    • 

Inman 

5^1.75 

850. 

!   1381.75  : 

• 

Irvington 

618.99 

:   113e . 

I        1740.99   : 
: 

iLincoln 

502.67 

!     786. 

t              1 

!   1288.67  : 

!                t 

-e^ 


''#*..tS    -^©cf 


.    itrod  bah: 


■■^^■■t  ■ »—  ^  ^ii^  I  -^  — »»^ 


:~'C\'.M£i 


;sM'x' 


8.    Sis  a; 


■7r»- 


, T^ 


yim — T 


a«Ty 


^;^3t5ir 


"rmr 


IS-HSl" 


;  ~  ■  w:cr*.xT 


-54- 


TABLE  VII.  (con.) 
a. 


b. 


District 
Llvermofil 


:Average  per 
t  teacher 

:frorTi  state 
If   585,16 


liy" 


502.67 
444.51 


Average  per 

teacher 
from  county 


I   968. 


"75^ 


Total  state 
and  county 
per  t3acher 


155;^,  15 


1565.57 
11(32.51 


Midway 


■ffSBT 


Mission  San  Jose 


575.53 


T^^ 


1521.53 


Mocho 


527.21 
457.24 


Tmr 


1345.21 
1679.24 


Mount  House 


TW7 

■7557 


tlowr^*s  Landing 


465.32 
517.21 


1172.32 
1335.21 


Murray 


irewark 


577.16 
554.65 


1527. IS 
15S1.26 


Nlles 


967.14 


balcland 
Palmores 


566.93 
456.65 


956.23 
•735: — 


1539.25 
1218.65 


Piedmont 
Pleasanton 


566.29 
596.72 


1000.85 
979.77 


1561.14 
1576.49 


Redwood 
Russell 


429.97 


930. 


1655.97 
1496.16 


556.16 
563.95 


San  Leandro 
^an  Lorenzo 


979.45 

"WT. — 


1553.11 
1566.27 


595.27 


.0 


* 


.d 


^3^M 


['■.'' 


••fa 


"**•% 


'^jsTisar 


•  ITT 


fnST" 


T^jmr 


■w. 


'^r^<m — 1 


C' 


— rff:T> 


'Eoo^fe'n 


-55- 


TABLE  VII.  (con.) 


District 

Sheridan 


Average  per 

teacher 
from  state 


r 


b. 

t Average  per 

teacher 
froTH  county 


:Total  state  : 
:and  county  j 
;per  teacher 


Stony  Brook 

Summit 


466.13 
480.86 


1M7 


1242.13 
121S.55 


"735: 


Sunol  Glen 
^ownsend 


543.67 
466.66 


676.67 

im: — 


1426.54 
1218.66 


Vallecltos 
Valle  Vista 


566.16 
551.13 


"53crr 


1496,16 


^arm  Springs 


852.67 


1443.86 


■a.-^« 


TBrmr 


■\"''m''»fl  i^f 


-56- 


With  the  data  in  the  table  and  tae  averages  for  state  and 
county  as  Just  given,  let  us  consider  certain  facts.  All  dis- 
tricts tiavinf-  less  t:ian  tairty  pupils  average  dally  attendance, 
receive  less  state  and  county  aid  as  no/  apportioned  than  war 
iM^^ff^   tae  funds  were  apportioned  only  on  the  statutory  teacher 
basis.  The  followlnr  table  shows  several  cases: 


District 

; Average 

iAttendance 

.State 

Aid 

i County 

Aid 

Total      . 

EdenVale 

;         10 

.    ^422.70 

.       >610. 

;f  10.^2. 70   ; 

Hldway 

;          13 

444.51 

658. 

i    1102.51    . 

?8loraares 

IB 

.     430.56 

;       73B. 

;   1218. S6   ; 

kocho 

;          23 

527.21 

;       318. 

.'.1545.21   . 

Inmaii 

:           25 

• 

551.75 

;        ^50. 

.   1351.75   . 

The  total  einount  per  teacher  from  state  and  county  If 
L  teacher  1 


apportioned  onlv  on  teach,er  basis  woulo  oe 


1^3  542.50-1  Tals  means  taat  tne  smaller  schools  wnlch 
should  receive  as  much  aid  per  teacher  from  state  and  county  as 
the  Irrger,  now  receive  less.   EdenVale  received  over  $500  less 
per  teacier  tnan  Centerville  which  received  ;^i660.18.   EdenVale 
has  an  assessed  valuation  of  ^170, 855  wulle  Centerville  ii-is  & 
valuation  of  |1, 093, 975.  Is  such  a  metciod  of  distribution  right? 
The  above  facts  saow  to  tae  contrary. 

In  table  VII,  column  c  gives  tae  total  amount  from  state 
and  county  per  statutory  teacher  based  on  averages.  Taere  are 
twenty  one  districts  out  of  the  forty  two  walcn  received  less 
than  $1500.   Taese  amounts  vary  from  $1032.70  up  to  :1498.10. 


'  ,►♦    '.' 


-O  f- 


Purthermore,  It  Is  not  only  the  small  school  which  loses 
by  the  present  method  of  distribution  of  school  fiinds.  Take, 
for  exunple,  Murray  district.   In  this  district,  the  average 
attendance  was  46,  This  nimber  allows  two  teachers.   However, 
on  account  of  receiving  part  of  tlie  furds  based  upon  attend- 
ance, this  district  received  only  $1335,21  per  teacher  from 
state  and  county.  A  difference  of  over  $200  per  teacher,  or 
$400  for  the  district. 

The  first  needed  legislation,  therefore,  would  seem  to  be 
to  change  the  method  of  apportioning  state  nnd  county  money. 
Let  the  same  law  be  retained  for  determining  the  number  of 
statutory  teachers  based  upon  average  dally  attendance,  but 
with  the  following  exception.   Since  the  r^ajorlty  of  schools, 
having  eight  teachers,  have  a  supervising  principal,  that  part 
of  section  1858  which  reads,  "And  two  adiltlonal  teachers  shall 
be  allowed  for  every  seven  himdred  units  of  average  dally  attend- 
ance," should  be  chanred  to  read,  "And  one  additional  teacher 
shall  be  allowed  for  every  two  hundred  and  fifty  iinltR  of  aver- 
age daily  attendance," 

After  this  number  has  been  determined,  ap ^or' ion  all  state 
and  county  money  upon  the  teacher  basis  only  and  not,  as  Is 
done  at  present,  partly  on  number  of  teachers  and  partly  on 
average  dally  attendance. 

By  the  proposed  plem,  the  larger  districts  would  not  lose 
much  per  teacher.  In  Alameda  district,  for  example,  the  total 

state  and  county  aid 


.5&- 


!•  fl555.49,  80  tlint  tmder  the  single  teacher  basis  there  would  be 
a  difference  of  only  #13  per  teseher*  Even  though  there  should  be 
•  larger  difference »  justice  should  be  done  to  the  smaller  schools* 

It  should  be  clearly  understood  tliat  the  fundamental  basis  is 
average  daily  atti»idanee*  Fpom  thls»  the  nuanber  odT  teaebem  is 
detemlned*  Tbmi  the  distribution  of  state  and  eoimty  money  should 
be  on  teacher  basis  only* 

The  second  needed  change  in  state  legislation  deals  vith 
the  minimum  salary*  The  tine  has  <MMse  when  tlam  people  of  the 
state  vast  give  nore  state  si^>port  for  elenentary  schools*  Having 
sufficient  state  aid  a  minlsm  salary  stK>uld  then  be  deientined* 
At  the  present  time  even  though  there  should  be  sufficient  funds 
to  grsBt  good  ealerSMiy  asaj  Beards  will  hire  teachers  on  as  low  a 
salary  schedule  as  possible  and  carry  a  good  balance  from  year  to 
year*  It  isiceeessary  for  the  state  to  pass  a  law  stating  the  minimun 
salary  and  provide  sufficient  funds  from  state  and  coxmty  to  meet 
this* 

In  table  VII I y  column  b  gives  the  assessed  valuations  of 
all  the  counties  in  the  state  tor  the  year  1919- * 20*  Colunm  e 
gives  the  number  of  statutory  teachers  and  eoluaoi  d  gives  the 
i*ate  necemMury  to  raise  t>600  per  teaeher  in  each  county*  one 
county  would  need  to  have  a  rate  of  65*5^9  four  would  have  rates 

70^  to  77^; 


-59- 


8l3c  from  61^  to  67.5^;  seven  from  50^  to  59jzf;  nine  from  40^  to 
49^}  and  only  thirty  one  with  ratea  below  40^»'Lo8  Angeles,  the 
richest  coxrnty  In  the  state  woxild  have  a  rate  of  24.3^  while 
Nevada,  one  of  the  poorest,  would  have  a  rate  of  85 .S^. 

This  means  only  one  thing,  namely,  that  there  must  be 
more  state  support  for  all  counties,  if  we  expect  to  have  suf- 
ficient funds  to  pay  adequate  minimum  salaries* 

In  order  to  deal  with  this  subject  In  a  concrete  way,  I 
will  first  state  what  may  be  considered  a  reasonable  minimum 
salary  under  present  conditions  and  how  the  ftinds  can  oe  raised 
to  pay  the  same. 

Hbun  we  note  the  facts  as  developed  In  chapter  ITX>  a 
reasonable  minimum  salary  for  the  state  of  California  is  fl400» 
How  can  this  be  paid? 

Let  the  state  raise  $1000  for  every  statutory  teacher  and 
the  county,  at  least,  $800 •  The  total  amount  of  money  from  the 
state  and  505^  of  that  from  the  county  must  be  used  for  teachers' 
salaries*  This  would  guarantee  a  salary  of  $1400  for  every  teacher 
in  a  one-teacher  school.  The  balance  of  the  $400  could  be  used 
for  general  maintenance* 

In  order  to  safeguard  the  teachers  in  larger  schools,  the 
legislatxire  should  pass  a  minimum  salary  law  requiring  each  distrlcl 
to  pay  at  least,  $1400*  Sufficient  funds  can  be  raised  either  by  an 
increase  in  county  tax  or  by  the  special  district  tax* 


-60- 

TABLE  VIII, 

Table  showing  asteeaed  v«lu«tlons  of  all  the  counties  In 
the  state  for  the  yer  1919- '20;  nu'^bar  of  statutory  teachers; 
rate  required  to  raise  1800  oor  teacaerj  and  total  rate  for  stnta 
and  county  (assuming  a  14</  stnte  wide  rate.) 


COUNTIES 


Alameda 


b. 

Assessed 

valuations 

1919- '20 


»i2SS,lS8,171.: 


» Number  of 
:  statutory 
:  teachers 


"37 


d. 

Rate  to 
raise  ^800 
per  teacher 


57. 8j?? 
"3T7 


Total   state 
and  county 
114/  state 


TT7 


Alpine 
Amador 


651,352.: 


■56,202,516.; 


53.03 

Ul. 


TTTT 


"^ 


Butte 
Calaveras 


7,142,(565.: 


54.58 


TTT 


Colusa 
Contra  Costa 


17,375,591.: 


"527r 


■WJT 


52,592,(57(5.:     24(5.2 
6,125,051.:        157"" 


■5E7~ 


Del  Horte 


IPS', 


El  Dorado 

Fresno 


7,290,225.: 


59.27 
582.(58 


"5)57 


"537 


115,451,455.: 


blenn 


19,56(5,175.7 


52.75 

is(sr. — 


"S^TT 


Humboldt 
Imperial 


33,138,540.: 


1507Er 
T772" 


59,675,927.: 


T507 
"357 


3177 
■757~ 


Inyo 
Kern 


T,  838, 696.: 


3T7 
"537 


"9T,175,057.: 
19,992,440.1 


110.03 


■3T7 
357 


Kings 
Lake 


"T5; 


6,279,590.: 


"IITT 

357" 


"357^ 


"757^ 
3S7~" 


Lassen 
Los  Angelei 


8,471,159.: 


377 


692,295,923.:  2703.51 


15T:3r 


357r 

3S7~ 


llladeri 


15,875,526.: TFTT 


3?F7 


w 


,es 


♦  Oi 


ir^ 


""■«t;s5" 


"^vrr 


..T.at    t„ .;- 


',irrr 


-;-£j-p--;-^^-^-j^g- 


.re'  ^  ';  — :3t — rn- 


[ill:©'. 


— Ki.A^As     •M,-»*r   .V*'-<*^**'n  -> 


,*8«f**— -^'-IrtT- •».■•*■*•■ 


"WW- 


III.    ^ji^.i —Wiyy, 


-61- 


a 


COUHTIES 


i«rln 


TABLE  VIII.  (con.) 


:  Yaluatlons 
t      1919- '20 


>|  55,406,455. 


:  Number  of 

:  statutory 

teftchiere 


104,41 
51.55 


Rate  to       Total  statt 


raise  $800 
per  teacher 


and  county 
1^14/  state 


Mariposa 


3,555,S27. 


57. 4{^ 


■^rrr 


t:??- 


Mendocino 


17,545,559. 

25,622,292. 


■ott: — 

150.05 


90. 


Merced 


■757" 


Modoe 


8,200,890. 

1,959,4401 


"557 
"TT7 


"517 
■?157 


"50r 

"557" 


llono 


Monterey 
TTapa 


54,056,519. 
l<j,g^4,040. 


151.51 
90.7 


"557 


Nevada 


6,950,450, 
67,129,900. 


-7?; — 

557.57 


51, 

"95TF 


Orange 
Placer 


in7~ 


T17 


11,555,455. 
9,444,005. 


97.56 

"3^: — 


"757" 


PlVHB 


"isnr 


as 


Riverside 


51,199,050. 
91,7^9,^70. 


505.55 
516.57 


■577^ 


Secrnpiento 


"517" 


San  Benito 


11,195,505. 
45,545,050. 


■w. 


fean  Bernardino 


49.4 


63.4 
"55^ 


San  Diego 


76,565,545. 
566,505,447. 


596.57 

Tsw: — 


San  Francisco 


T97 
3Fr 


"557 


San  Joaquin  T 


71,106,675. 
52,559,175. 


510.54 
T55; — 


San  Luis  Obispo t 


3I?75" 


"w:^ 


ti^J- 


CTT 


"tItH 


S^ 

...                       V 

'    '!c      r-"*     "                                ""i!^r :■■■"" 

• 

* 

• 

"-•*'  "^^  ■ 

1 

' 

• 
> 

•   :(3r"'  . 

. 

:- 

.  ^^-g^- '  . 

^,61 

■>f/t->«<r^ 


-o<s- 


TABLS  VIII.  (con.) 

b  c 


e 


COUNTIBS 
San  Mateo 


:  Assessed 
valuations 
1919- »20 


$  35,523,995. 


Number  of 
statutory 
teacHwrs 


T537 


Sate  to 
raise  $dOO 
per  teacher 


57.  i 


Total  state: 
and  county  : 
(14/  state  : 


nrrr 


Santa  Barbara 
Santa   Clara 


40,457,545. 


156. S7 


: 


3rr 


86,206,^5. 


371.22 


•3377^ 


Santa  Cruz 


19,305,735. 


117.97 


1^ 


15,42S,405. 


T^?7 


■7¥r~ 


63; 

"7^747 


Shasta 


Sierra 
Siskiyou 


2,324,060. 


"T5" 


■M7~ 


21,302,115. 


T3S7 


Solono 
Sonoma 


27,634,423. 


131.96 


"557" 


36,491,675. 


"^^77 


3^ 


Stanislaus 
Sutter 


42,138,070. 


204.56 


■53: 


r     17,097,755. 


"ST 


■?c57r 


357" 


(teltama 


16,289,950. 


82.57 


Trinity 


3,457,425. 


"2^ 


■5F7 
1^ 


"7^ 


TuTari 

fuolumne' 


49,433,534. 
8,246,201. 


284.95 


Ventura 
YoT5 


"5^ 


36,264,221. 
25,:26,2e2. 


129.05 


"SOTT 
"577" 


"5^77" 


79.69 


■^F72r 


TT 


■3^7r 

"STT" 


r^^ 


11,606,335, 


"5^ 


TOTALS 


,357,797,091.    : 12788. 


Data  In  columnt  b  &  0  obtained  from  office  of  stote   superintendent 
of  schoolB. 


-63- 


let  us  consider  how  the  flOOO  per  teacher  can  be  raised 
by  the  state.  For  the  year  1919- '20,  there  are  12,788  statutory 
teachers.  The  total  amount  of  money  raised  for  elementary 
schools  Is  approximately  $7,185,000.  This  means  that  If  the 
state  funds  were  apportioned  only  on  the  teacher  basis,  the 
average  per  teacher  would  be  f560. 

On  the  basis  of  12,788  teachers,  in  order  to  give  $1000 
per  teacher,  it  would  rer-uire  $12,788,000.  At  the  present  time 
the  state  allows  $17.50  per  pupil  average  dally  attendance.  By 
increasing  this  $2.50,  there  would  be  $928,000  more  since  there 
are  371,182  pupils.  The  balance  of  the  nwney  could  be  obtained 
by  two  methods.  First,  It  could  be  taken  from  the  general  state 
fund,  or,  second,  the  legislature  could  levy  a  direct  tax. 

The  following  will  show  the  facts  In  brief: 
State  funds  for  1919- '20  $7,185,000. 

$17.50  per  pupil  increased  to  $20.       928,000. 
Balance  4,675,000. 

Total  $12,  788,000. 

If  the  legislattire  found  it  necessary  to  raise  the  balance 


-64- 


by  a  direct  tax,  this  could  i>e   done  by  having  a  rate  of  approx- 
imately 14j^.  If  this  were  done,  column  e  of  table  VIII  ihowi 
the  total  taxas  state  and  cotinty  required  to  raise  |1800  per 
teacher.  For  27  counties  the  rates  would  range  from  50j^  to 
99.5)^  and  for  the  balance  31,  the  rates  would  be  from  31^2^  to  49ji^. 

Since  the  rates  in  so  many  counties  must  necessarily  be 
high,  there  should  be  more  state  aid  in  order  to  help  the  poorer 
counties.  ..11  the  co\inties  in  the  state  help  develop  the  re- 
sources and  wealth  of  the  cities,  therefore,  the  larger  centers 
should  in  turn  help  the  rest  of  the  state. 

At  the  present  time,  there  is  a  maximum  county  rate  of  50^ 
for  the  maintenance  of  elementary  schools.  This  limit  should 
be  removed  entirely.  There  is  no  limit  on  the  county  high  school 
rate,  nor  on  the  road  tax  nor  hospital  tax.   Why  should  there 
be  a  limit  on  ta  necessary  for  maintenance  of  elementary  schools? 

Thus,  with  increased  minimum  requirements  for  t mount  of 
school  rroney  to  be  raised  by  state  and  county  and  the  limit  re- 
moved on  the  dlementary  school  tax,  the  schools  of  the  future 
will  be  able  to  nrogress  as  they  never  have  been  able  to  do  in  the 
past. 

Lastly,  the  time  has  come  vhen  there  must  be  more  national 
aid  for  s:;hools.  Vast  amounts  of  money  are  spent  annually  by  the 
national  government  for  everything  else  but  --chools.   Just  as 
the  states  must  give  more  aid  aoii*i»  to  help  all  the  counties 


cf 


0*10- 


-65- 
In  a  greater  way,  so  rauet  the  national  government  give  large 
appropriations  to  help  all  the  states. 

It  Is  reasonable,  at  the  present  time,  to  hold  that 
Instead  of  the  state  having  to  raise  a  balance  of  approximately 
f5, 000, 000.  In  order  to  give  the  |1000  per  teacher,  much  of 
this  amount,  at  least,  should  be  given  by  the  national 
government. 

If  the  time  comes  when  the  nation  and  the  state  shall  give 
that  united  financial  support  to  the  schools  of  the  country  to 
which  they  are  entitled,  then  will  there  dawn  a  new  era  In 
educational  development  throughout  this  whole  land. 


Acknowledgment*  ^ 

The  greater  part  of  the  data  used  In  the  tables  Iwdflebeen 
obtained  from  the  offices  of  the  county  and  state  superintend- 
ents. I  wish  to  express  my  appreciation  for  the  valuable 
assistance  rendered  by  the  officials  In  these  offices.  I  take 
special  pleasure  in  publicly  expressing  my  thanks  to  Mr.  Arthur 
Mock,  chief  deputy  In  the  coxmty  superintendent's  office,  who 
was  ever  willing  to  give  of  his  time  in  assisting  me  to  collect 
the  data  needed  for  the  campaign. 


"Jtot 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 
BERKELEY 

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